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Analyse all this information, because then you will use this constructions and words for translation that i'll give you
UNIT 2
Topic: English National Festivals, Holidays and Cuisine
Grammar: Different ways of expressing modality
Functional Expressions: Asking for and giving explanations. Changing the subject
Writing: Summary Report
INTRODUCTION
1. Discuss the following questions:
1. What is the difference between national festivities and national public holidays?
2. What public holidays celebrated throughout England, Scotland, Wales and
Ireland can you name? Which of them are specific for each of the named countries?
3. Which public holidays of those you have just named are also celebrated in
Ukraine?
4. What national festivals in Great Britain have you heard of?
5. Why do you think it is important for people to have holidays and festivities?
6. What are the origins of most Christian holidays?
7. What food and dishes are associated in your minds with the English?
8. Would you expect to find many English restaurants throughout the
world? If not, why not?
9. What do you think “European Cuisine” is? Could you define it?
2. Discuss the following quotations giving your view on what is meant:
1. There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather,
an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult world. (Jean Baudrillard)
2. I do not like broccoli. And I haven’t liked it since I was a little kid and my
mother made me eat it. I am President of the United States, and I’m not going to eat any
more broccoli. (George Bush)
3. A gourmet is just a gourmand with brains. (Phillip Haberman)
4. Bognor Regis has always meant to me the quintessential English seaside
experience (before all this global warming stuff): driving in the rain to get there,
walking around in the rain looking for something to do when you’re there, and driving
home in the rain again... (Terry Pratchett)
5. The English contribution to world cuisine – the chip. (John Cleese)
6. The red-letter days, now become, to all intents and purposes, dead-letter days.
(Charles Lamb)
3. Without looking in your textbooks, listen to the recorded dialogue “At Easter”
(Version 1), to get its main message. At the same time, try to identify the functional
expressions used in it.
Dialogue: At Easter – Version 1
Kate: Could you explain to me why we’ve still not got round to finishing the
shopping for Easter eggs?
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Ian: Instead of that, how about taking Tanya to the seaside as we Promised?
K: We need to get the rest of the chocolate eggs before the shops shut.
I: Oh come on, the Tesco’s open around the clock now.
K: Then why do we have to wait until three in the morning to go shopping?
I: Maybe because it’s a beautiful, sunny spring morning and I’d love to be by the
sea.
Tanya: Why have you been telling me I must wear a “Kiss-me-quick” hat when
we get there?
K: For the same reason you’re going to eat some Seaside Rock.
T: Rock? – what on earth do you mean?
Left a stick of typical, mint-flavoured rock in the form of a stick with an
inscription all the way through the middle.
4. Listen to the same dialogue again. Write down all the culture-specific terms and
functional phrases. Compare your notes with your neighbour. Answer the following
questions:
a) What is the subject/subjects of the discussion? At what point does it change?
b) What is the prevailing mood of the discussion?
c) What are the relations between the participants? How many of them are there?
Are they all of the same cultural background? Why do you think so?
d) What is the speech register of the conversation? Define the style of the
dialogue as formal, informal, colloquial or highly colloquial.
e) How many participants in the dialogue seek explanations? What sort of
explanations are sought? Were there any explanations given eventually? Why?
f) Can you predict any further actions or discussions by the participants of the
dialogue?
5. a) Working with the text of the dialogue, find among the expressions given below
those that were used in the dialogues or any very similar ones.
b) Go through the table looking for expressions of the same function. Try to
memorise as many of them as possible.
Note that changing the subject in everyday speech is frequently done by a joke or startling
comment, but there are some common phrases used to introduce a change, rather than just surprising
the person to whom you ’re talking, as given in column three.
Asking for explanations
Could you explain to me...?
Why is it that...?
Why have you been telling me
...?
What on earth do you mean?
How on earth did it happen?
What do you mean?
Giving explanations
As I said,...
As far as it goes, ...
As it happens, ...
As far as I know, ...
As you can see, ...
As you know, ...
I assure you...
Changing the subject
Rather than ... how about?
Rather than ... should we?
That reminds me of
Couldn’t we talk about...
instead?
Shouldn’t we move on to ...
now?
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Maybe I don’t understand,
but...
Maybe I’m being a bit slow
here, but...
Why do we have to...?
I don’t know what you mean.
To be honest, ...
Well, I’ll tell you one
thing.
You know what I mean.
What happened was...
Before you jump to
conclusions...
Instead of that, should ...?
Before I forget...
I’ve just remembered...
Let’s leave ... and talk about
... instead.
I’m fed up of... shouldn’t
we ...?
6. Looking at the text of the dialogue and, not looking in the table, substitute the
dialogue’s functional expressions with their synonymous expressions you’ve just
leamt.
7. Listen to the dialogue for the third time paying attention to logical stress and
intonation.
8. Read the dialogue in pairs replacing its functional expressions with the synonyms
you’ve just learnt.
9. Listen to Version 2 of the same functional dialogue. Identify its speech register and
compare this version with Version 1. Make a list of the expressions and grammatical
forms that change as the
speech register changes.
Dialogue: At Easter - Version 2
Kate: So how come we still haven’t done with the shopping for Easter eggs?
Ian: Hold fire, how’s about taking Tanya to the seaside – we promised, didn’t
we?
K: We’ve got to get the rest of the chocolate eggs before the shops shut.
I: Oh come off it, Tesco’s open 24 hours.
K: You really want to go shopping at three in the morning?
I: What I really want is to get down to the seaside ‘cos it’s a beautiful day.
Tanya: What’s all this about me wearing this “Kiss-me-quick” hat when we’re
there?
K: Just like you’re going to eat some Seaside Rock.
T: Rock? – what are you going on about?
10. Looking at Version 2 of the functional dialogue, find in it phrases that
correspond to the definitions given below. Translate the second version of the
dialogue paying especial attention to the speech register of the Ukrainian
translation.
1. A stick of hard candy. 2. Stop talking about it! 3. A novelty hat with a joke
inscription on it. 4. How can it be? 5. To complete something. 6. To close.
11. Retell one of the Versions in pairs, in class.
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12. Give English equivalents to the following Ukrainian functional phrases using
your new knowledge.
З 'ясовування: чи не могли би ви мені пояснити...; я не розумію, про що ви
говорите; про що це ви в дідька говорите; чому ви кажете/казали...; як в біса це
могло трапиться; може, я не розумію, але...; може, я не так швидко розумію, про
що ви говорите; і чому ми мусимо...
Пояснення: як я казав; як ви знаєте/бачите; наскільки мені відомо; так воно
сталося; я вас запевняю; чесно кажучи; ви знаєте, про що я; я скажу вам одне.
Зміна теми розмови: я вже більше про це не можу, чи не ...; щойно згадав;
це мені нагадало; давайте закінчимо з цим і натомість поговоримо про...; перш
ніж я забуду; замість цього чи не обговорити нам; чи не перейти нам до ...; ніж ...
як щодо; ніж ... не краще нам...
13. Translate the following dialogue into English:
Тоня: Чи не можеш ти мені пояснити, чому чашка чаю опинилася серед
головних символів всього англійського за результатами недавнього опитування
“БіБіСі Ньюс”?
Іра: Наскільки мені відомо, вона символізує Англію з її промисловою
революцією, під час якої почали масово виробляти порцеляну.
Тоня: Я не розумію, до чого тут чай?
Іра: Так воно сталося, що в той самий час англійці почали пити безпечний
напій з кип’ятку, який вбивав усі мікроби, та чаю, який теж мав антисептичні
властивості. До того ж напій був відносно дешевим на відміну від кави. Скажу
одне: чай з Індії був більш популярним, ніж китайський, і пили його завжди з
молоком. Але досить про це. Чому ти не питаєш про будиночки під солом’яними
стріхами, які так само символізують “стару, добру Англію”?
Тоня: Можу тебе запевнити, про це я знаю досить багато, адже колись
готувала виступ на семінарі з цієї теми. Чесно кажучи, це бажання англійців
жити радше під солом’яною стріхою, ніж під череп’яним Дахом мені не зовсім
зрозуміле. Але твоя правда: будиночки ці дуже Мальовничі, в наш час мають всі
зручності, і садочок в селянському стилі так само дуже гарний. Тож щось у
цьому є.
READING 1
1. Think of ten to fifteen thematic words which you are likely to find in the following
text on ‘English Cuisine’ and write them down, checking later whether the words you
predict actually appear. How many of them are culture specific words?
2. Learn the pronunciation of the following words:
Cuisine, lager, pasty, unimaginative, les rosbif, allegedly, to be complemented,
ginger, gourmet, elite, esoteric, banger, episode, Sherlock Holmes, Doctor Watson,
cereals, marmalade, vegetarian, vegan, lasagne, fromage frais, crème fraiche,
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ubiquitous, pommes frites, malt, haggis, mead, draught, cider, sherry, Thai, Nepalese,
tandoor, Glaswegian.
3. To facilitate reading comprehension of the text, look through the following
comments:
Comments
1. Yeomen of the Guard. The official name of the monarch’s bodyguard soldiers
at the Tower of London. Англійський лейб-гвардієць.
2. Beefeater, n. The popular name for the monarch’s bodyguard soldiers at the
Tower of London. Біфітер або солдат охорони лондонського Тауера.
3. Les Rosbif. The French colloquial nickname for the British, literally “the roastbeefs”.
4. Curry, n. A mixture of strongly-flavoured spices and turmeric used to flavour
the sauce of various dishes from India, Pakistan, China, Thailand, etc. Карі/ кері.
5. Ginger beer. A non-alcoholic soft drink flavoured with ginger. Імбирний напій.
6. Chocolate limes. Boiled sweets with a lime-flavoured outer shell and a
chocolate centre. Даймові цукерки з шоколадною начинкою.
7. Dons. Most often senior members of staff at Oxford or Cambridge colleges but
now often applied to most university teachers. Викладачі в Оксфорді ma Кембриджі.
8. Tartare sauce. A sauce made from mayonnaise and very finely chopped capers,
gherkins and other chef-specific ingredients. Соус “Тартар ”.
9. Yorkshire puddings. A baked dish from pancake batter, usually bowl shaped.
Йоркширський пудинг.
10. Bangers. A popular name for British sausages. Британські ковбаски.
11. Fish and Chip Shop or chippie. A shop selling freshly-cooked chips and fish,
pies and black pudding, often with a range of other similar food, cooked whenever
possible in a deep-fat-fryer. їжа на виніс “Фіш енд чіпс”.
12. Fish fingers. Whole pieces of filleted fish cut into finger-shaped lengths and
coated in breadcrumbs or batter. Рибні палички.
13. Steak and kidney pudding. A stew of beef steak and beef kidney pieces in a
rich gravy, inside a soft pastry case, steamed to cook it. The pastry is very similar to that
used for varenyky. Несолодка страва з м ’ясною начинкою, яка готується на
парові.
14. Black Pudding. A sausage made primarily from pig’s blood, cereal and pork
fat. Кров ’янка.
15. Toad in the Hole. British sausages baked in a Yorkshire pudding-style batter,
a London dish often served with onion gravy. Сосискі у тісті.
16. Malt vinegar. Vinegar traditionally brewed with malt (and hence brown).
Солодовий оцет.
17. Mushy peas. Large mature peas boiled until converted into a paste. Горохове
пюре.
18.Haggis, n. A Scottish traditional dish of mixed, minced offal baked in a sheep’s
stomach with suet, oatmeal and other ingredients. Regarded either as a delicacy or an
abomination, loved or hated, with few neutral observers. Овечий кендюх з тельбухами
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та приправами.
19. Winter ale. An especially strong dark beer traditionally brewed for the winter.
Темне пиво на кшталт “Портера ” завода “Оболонь ”.
20. ІРА. India Pale Ale, a long-life beer originally exported in bottles to expatriates in India. Світле індійське пиво.
21. Stout porter or simply stout. A black beer brewed from charred malt and so
very bitter, mostly brewed nowadays in Ireland. Міцне гіркувате чорне пиво, портер.
22. Scrumpy, п. Unfiltered cider, traditionally extremely high in alcoholic content.
Міцний або темний сидр.
23. Chicken Тікка Masala (СТМ). A fusion dish of roast marinated chicken,
Indian tikka, with a sauce based on garam masala spices, probably invented in Glasgow,
Scotland. Курка “тіка масала ”.
24. Tandoor, n. A clay oven that reaches very high temperatures. Індійська піч
або духовка.
4. Read the text “English Cuisine” for the first time and choose a suitable heading for
each paragraph or groups of paragraphs from the list below. Put together a plan of
the text and use it when retelling the text later.
a) The traditional English breakfast.
b) Vegetarian attitudes in England.
c) Few exotic exceptions in classical English cuisine.
d) Fusion cuisine.
e) General description of English cuisine.
f) National classic dishes.
g) Fish dishes and the way fish is consumed.
h) Bread consumed in England.
i) The staple food before the Gastronomic Revolution.
j) Takeaway food.
k) Milk products in England.
1) The most popular British dishes today.
m) Traditional English drinks.
n) The Gastronomic revolution.
o) New tendencies in drinking.
Text 1: English Cuisine
Ukrainian restaurants are fond of claiming to offer “European cuisine” and one of
the main threads of “European Cuisine” is that of England – itself often dramatically
distinct from Scottish, Welsh and Irish cuisine. Once clearly recognizable,
English cuisine is today a fusion of English, Indian, Chinese and several other European
cuisines. Here we attempt to untangle just what is that is actually eaten in England.
English cuisine has long suffered from accusations of being bland, unimaginative
and boring. Its culinary highlight was roast beef, to such an extent that the French
nicknamed the English les rosbif. The yeomen of the Guard at the Tower of London
are still called “Beefeaters”. Even today, although there are many thousands of
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restaurants offering the cooking of over 180 countries in New York, there is allegedly
not one single restaurant serving solely English food.
Historically eating turnips, parsnips, swedes, with buckwheat as the staple in the
middle Ages, the British excitedly adopted potatoes after their introduction from the
New World, and for special occasions, boiled beef and carrots complemented a glass of
gin. Little changed until after the Second World War. Despite being a European hub of
the spice trade, only salt and pepper was commonly used until recently and garlic was
despised by the majority of the population before the Gastronomic Revolutions in the
1960s. The special dish created to commemorate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
in 1953 called, not surprisingly, Coronation Chicken, was scandalous in that it
contained a hint of Indian curry spices.
Exotic exceptions long found in classical English cuisine were few, such as ginger
beer and chocolate limes. The former is a sweet non-alcoholic soft drink with ginger
and the latter are lime-flavoured boiled sweets with a chocolate centre. Ginger and limes
were both introduced from the West Indies in the 17th century.
National classic dishes that excite gourmets are few, expensive and only for the
elite – such as venison, Dover sole, pheasant and salmon. The most esoteric is roast
swan, forbidden by law to be eaten other than by Royalty and the dons at Oxford and
Cambridge Universities by Royal Charter.
More usual are lamb (often eaten with mint sauce), pork (often eaten with apple
sauce), chicken, duck (often eaten with orange sauce), white sea-fish (frequently eaten
with tartare sauce) and inevitably beef (when roasted, eaten usually with Yorkshire
puddings). British sausages or “bangers”, eaten with brown sauce, are uniquely
flavoured with pepper and various cereals to give them an unusual flavour that often
surprises foreign visitors.
Pies with short pastry or flaky pastry continue to be popular – the most popular
fillings for hot pies being steak and kidney, beef and onion, chicken and mushroom,
lamb and mushroom, cheese and onion and, meat and potato.
Fish consumed in Britain is most frequently sea fish as no point in Britain is far
from the sea. River fish most usually eaten are salmon or trout, while pike, perch and
other such river fish are rarely eaten. Most fish is bought cooked and hot from Fish and
Chip shops although fish fingers made from cod and cooked from frozen, are very
popular, especially as a children’s meal.
The traditional English breakfast has now become the traditional British breakfast
– the traditional oat porridge breakfast in Scotland has mostly disappeared. Despite
perhaps every episode of Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories produced in Russia
featuring Holmes and Watson breakfasting on oat porridge, this was not the case in the
original literature and extremely rare in England.
The English breakfast is designed to make people fat, with its usually fried
components being a selection (or sometimes all) of bacon, eggs, sausages, black
pudding , mushrooms, tomatoes, baked beans and fried bread.
A fried breakfast may be preceded by cereals and milk, and followed by toast with
marmalade. Orange marmalade is by far the most popular although lime marmalade
may be found. Although traditionally the British drank Indian tea with milk, coffee, also
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usually drunk with milk, is more widespread in the 21st century. At the same time, the
convenience of instant coffee is being overtaken by the preferential taste of natural
coffee.
Statistics vary enormously as to the extent of vegetarian attitudes to food in
Britain. It is probably the case that up to half the population will reduce their meat
intake, occasionally or frequently, for dietary or ideological reasons with a proportion of
those being vegetarian and a small percentage vegan. For example, vegetarian lasagne
is frequently offered alongside traditional lasagne and often omnivores will choose the
vegetarian option purely for variety.
While yoghurt was only a food-faddist’s rarity 30 years ago, today it is a popular
breakfast food, along with fromage frais. Whereas cream until the past few years was
always fresh and sold as single, double or whipped, recently “crème fraîche” has
appeared on almost all supermarket shelves.
As supermarkets spread and grew in size, their “in-store bakeries” have caused an
explosion in the choice of kinds of fresh bread and today most supermarkets will offer a
wide range of French, Italian, Greek, Indian, German and even sometimes traditional
Scottish, Irish and Welsh breads.
Regional dishes are also plentiful. London, for example, has the wonderfullynamed Toad in the Hole – pork sausages cooked in batter.
The most widespread take-away food (called “carry-out” food in Scotland) always
used to be from the ubiquitous Fish and Chip Shop. A “chippie” has huge deep-fat
fryers, once using lard but today usually using vegetable oil and small ovens in order to
cook potatoes and various fish and meat dishes. Chips are large and finger-sized and so,
being less crispy and, containing less fat than American fries or Belgian/French pommes
frites, have their own particular taste and softness. They are usually eaten sprinkled with
salt and malt vinegar. Fish is usually white sea-fish such as cod or haddock, covered in
batter and deep-fried until crispy. Pies and pasties are always sold but the fillings vary
by region. A chippie also sells pickled onions, pickled eggs, mushy peas and chicken
portions.
Most chippies around Britain will also sell, deep-fried in batter, sausages, cod roe,
burgers, sometimes black pudding, mushrooms and pineapple rings. In the North-East
of England and Scotland, small haggises may be deep-fried in batter and Glasgow
chippies are notorious for deep-fried Mars bars in batter.
Generally, sweet dishes tend to traditionally be in three groups: stodgy puddings
served with hot custard, cakes and fruit dishes.
The British have always brewed beer and although historically mead, made with
beer and honey, was once drunk in the Middle Ages, today pubs serve bitter or mild
beer, and lager. Each region has its own preferences and often bottled specialities such
as strong winter ales, IPA, stout or porter. Originally always served draught from
barrels, there was a move to “bright” pressurized keg beers in the 1960’s, that by the
1970’s reversed to trends towards “Real Ale”, again served draught and pulled by a
“beer engine” rather than fed by C02 pressure. The Scots have tended to have heavier,
stronger beers, indeed often called “a pint o’ heavy” graded traditionally by shillings,
from the strength and hence the amount of duty payable on each barrel.
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The south-west regions of England, as well as Breton area in French Brittany have
always been famous for cider made from apples, usually sold filtered and ‘bright’.
There is also a stronger form of cider which is cloudy and unfiltered, called “scrumpy”.
Traditionally, a rooster was thrown in the vat when scrumpy was being made to give
additional flavour.
Gin has always been the principal spirit drink in England, and whisky in Scotland
and Ireland. Rum, the traditional drink of the Royal Navy, and brandy or cognac have
also been commonly drunk. And finally, the only widespread wines in the past used to
be champagne, sherry and port. The latter two being fortified wines, tended to be drunk
in small quantities.
Everything began to change in the 1960s. Before then, wine, garlic and foreign
food were regarded with distrust if not distaste. Then a tendency toward the new, the
unusual and variety began to accelerate. Forty years ago in Coventry, a provincial city
roughly the size of Vinnitsya, there would have been no take-away food other than from
one of about 60 Fish and Chip shops. Today there are about 25 chippies, 30 Chinese
take-aways, 20 Indian take-aways, 10 Kebab houses, 10 Pizza take-aways and a few
offering Thai, Nepalese, American burgers or other cuisine.
Supermarkets now stock vast ranges of products and ingredients from literally all
over the world, especially Indian, Chinese, Italian, French, Thai, Mexican and Greek.
Pasta and rice are today’s staples as much as potatoes, with dishes that vary hugely in
scope.
Wine used to be an insignificant minority drink, but over the past 30–40 years has
begun to challenge beer as the main alcoholic drink. Today the most popular wines are
from Australia and New Zealand, both red and white, and most supermarkets and offlicences will stock wine from at least 20 countries. There has since the 1980’s been a
challenge to the pub as “wine bars” have opened around the country selling a wide
range of wines by the bottle or by the glass.
The most popular British dish today is either lasagne or Chicken Tikka Masala,
depending on which survey is read.
Chicken Tikka is a traditional Indian dish, a kebab of marinaded chicken breast
cooked in a tandoor. But Chicken Tikka Masala was created in Britain, probably in
Glasgow in the late 1960s when a legendary Glaswegian insisted on his chicken tikka
and rice having a sauce, so the Indian chef quickly produced a tomato-based sauce with
garam masala spices.
What once was clearly ‘traditional’ cuisine and often unimaginative, is today one
of the most varied in the world, bringing together both dishes from around the world as
well as ‘fusion’ cooking so popular today.
5. Answer the following questions after the first reading of the text:
1. What is the word in the text that describes contemporary English cuisine in
general?
2. What was the largest country in the British Empire in the first half of the 20th
century which most influenced contemporary British cuisine?
3. What was the traditional meat most often eaten in England?
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4. Who are les rosbif? Why are they called this?
5. What is the historical fact behind “Coronation Chicken”?
6. Why do the British eat so much sea fish?
7. What were the traditional English drinks? What are they now?
8. Why is take-away food so popular with the British?
9. What was the “gastronomic revolution” in Britain? When did it take place?
10. Why do you think oriental cuisine has so much influence on food in Britain?
6. Go through the text, picking out all the culture specific words and compare them
with the list of those words that you wrote earlier. How many of them have coincided?
7. Find in the text instances where the meanings of culture-specific words are
explained. Were those explanations enough to understand new culture-specific
notions? What typographical devices are used to indicate that these expressions are
being explained?
8. Study the following vocabulary notes. Then go through the text again and give
Ukrainian equivalents to the highlighted words:
Vocabulary notes:
1. Fusion, n. Food or cooking that incorporates elements of both eastern and
western cuisine – змішана кухня. Other meanings of the noun include:
1) the process of melting by means of intense heat – плавлення, e.g. Nuclear
fusion is a potential source of energy.
2) the union, blending or bonding together as one whole of different things as by
melting – сплав, злиття, об’єднання, e.g. There were widespread fusions which
eventually formed the pieces into a single continent.
3) the coalition of political parties and factions – злиття, об’єднання, e.g. The
fusion of the Liberals and the Social Democrats founded the Liberal Democrat Party.
4) music in which elements of more than one popular style are combined –
поєднання, e.g. Martin brought home the latest jazz-rock fusion CD.
Der.: fusionist – той, хто намагається об’єднати, примирити політичні партії
та фракції; fusional – синтетичний (про мову).
2. Untangle, v. То free from a tangled state. Розплутувати, тут: розібратися,
e.g. We spent ages untangling the Christmas tree lights.
3. Bland, adj.
1) gentle in manner – ввічливий, лагідний, м’який, ласкавий (про людину), e.g.
The politician behaved in a bland manner for once in his life.
2) mild, soothing – слабкий, заспокійливий, e.g. Bland music is often played in
restaurants.
3) not irritating, not stimulating – прісний, негострий, e.g. She was told to follow
a bland diet for a week or two.
4. Staple, n. A staple commodity; the principal or an important item of diet,
production, trade; a major component or element. Основний предмет торгівлі,
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основний продукт, що виробляється в даному районі, головний елемент чогось,
e.g. For many years, potatoes were the staple vegetable. The same scenes have been the
staple of television for years.
5. Hub, n. Usually used figuratively to mean “the central part of an activity and
interest”. Центр уваги, діяльності, інтересів, e.g. The critic lived at the very hub of
London’s literary life. The original meaning of the word is that of “the central solid part
of a wheel from which the spokes radiate” – маточина колеса, втулка.
6. Esoteric, adj.
1) appropriate to an inner circle of advanced or privileged disciples,
communicated only to initiated – езотеричний, втаємничений, відомий або
зрозумілий лише тим, кому це відкрито, e.g. The magician is an esoteric figure – part
priest, part philosopher, part artist. Unless we are to interpret 'poetry’ in some esoteric
sense of our own.
2) not openly stated or admitted, confidential, secret – таємний, втаємничений,
e.g. His esoteric project was the original ambition of Christopher Columbus.
7. Vegan, n, adj. A person who abstains from all food of animal origin, an
“extreme” vegetarian. Ті, хто дотримуються крайньої форми вегетаріанства, e.g.
The children of many vegans have diseases caused by a lack of calcium.
8. Food-faddist, adj. As eaten by those with food fads, meaning “пунктик,
примха, швидкоплинне захоплення”, e.g Some of his food-faddist notions made her
want a divorce.
9. Fromage frais. A light, cream-cheese-based food product usually flavoured
with fruit. Нежирний рідкий сирок з фруктами, e.g. A tub of fromage frais is popular
in many children’s lunchboxes.
10. Crème fraîche. A cream product soured by particular bacteria. Сметана, e.g.
Many foreign visitors to Britain are surprised to see “smetana” labelled as “crème
fraiche”.
11. In-store bakery. A section of a supermarket or hypermarket where bread and
pastries are baked on the premises. Пекарня в супермаркеті, e.g. I was delighted when
my local supermarket’s in-store bakery began to sell authentic croissants.
12. Mead, n. Alcoholic liquor produced by fermenting a mixture of honey and
water, a drink of this. Мед (напій), e.g. The consumption of mead is characteristic of
Britain in the Middle Ages.
13. Off-license, n. A shop or other establishment where an alcoholic drink is sold
for consumption elsewhere, e.g. The off-licence section of the supermarket was closed
until 12.00 on Sundays. Місця продажу алкогольних напоїв на винос.
9. Listen to the recording of the text, read it aloud in class and translate it into
Ukrainian.
10. Read the following sentences below. State which of them summarizes the main
idea of the text best of all.
1. Although originally very bland, English cuisine now uses a lot of oriental spices.
2. English cuisine has always been a fusion cuisine. 3. European cuisine is Oriental in
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character. 4. Despite many years of tradition, English cuisine has become cosmopolitan
and varied. 5. Take-away food, especially Chinese, Indian and Greek, is now the basis
of European cuisine.
11. Find in the text the sentences containing specific information on the following
subjects:
a) The staple food in the Middle Ages.
b) The first instance of use of oriental spices in English cooking that became a
well-known fact.
c) National classic dishes for gourmets.
d) The ingredients which give unique flavouring to English sausages.
e) The peculiar name of the London regional dish mentioned in the text.
f) The abbreviated or colloquial form for “fish and chip shop”.
g) Historical English drinks.
h) The name of the drink which was once prepared with a rooster in it.
i) The kind of drinking establishments which are now strong competition for
English pubs.
j) The traditional grading for beer in Scotland.
k) The name of the most popular British dish today.
12. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. For those that are false,
give a correct description.
1. Traditional English cuisine is very bland. 2. The Yeomen of the Guard at the
Tower of London are still called les rosbifs. 3. Yorkshire puddings, eaten with onion
gravy, are a famous English dessert. 4. Traditional salted oat porridge for breakfast was
typically English. 5. The most popular takeaway food always used to be from the
ubiquitous Fish and Chip Shop. 6. The only widespread wines in the past used to be
champagne, sherry and port. 7. The English always drink their tea with milk. 8. England
had never been an international hub of the spice trade. 9. Ginger beer is an alcoholic
drink that has ginger in it. 10. Ginger and limes were both introduced from the West
Indies in the 17th century. 11. The English eat a lot of lamb. 12. The English breakfast is
destined to make people fat, as it has a lot of fried components. 13. Vegetarian food can
rarely be found in England. 14. “Crème fraiche” is a traditional English milk product.
15. Puddings are always desserts in England. 16. Malt vinegar is usually sprinkled on
fish and chips. 17. Haggis is a traditional Irish dish. 18. Rum was a traditional drink of
the Royal Navy. 19. Supermarkets now stock wide ranges of products from literally all
over the world. 20. The English historically drank more wine than the French. 21.
Chicken Tikka Masala is a traditional Indian dish. 22. Black pudding is a sweet dessert
dish made with chocolate.
13. Although the text does not contain direct instructions, based on the given
information, try to work out what dishes the author would not recommend to tourists.
14. How would you define the author’s style of writing? Choose among the following
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descriptions: flamboyant, colloquial, informative, neutral, slang-ridden, naïve, ducated,
logical, emotional, matter-of-fact, wandering, poetic, precise, woolly.
15. How would you describe the text in general? Choose one or more from: narrative,
informative, fictional, humorous, critical, poetic, documentary or instructive.
16. Retell the text in detail using the plan you put together when doing Ex. 4.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1
17. Study the meaning of the highlighted words using the Vocabulary Notes and
translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
1. Tex-Mex fusion cuisine as popularised by TGI Friday restaurants around the
world has become very popular. 2. His young daughter decided to try to untangle her
portion of spaghetti. 3. He decided his food was too bland and covered it in tomato
ketchup. 4. Her bland expression gave away no sign of her true feelings. 5. Before
potatoes were introduced, buckwheat was the staple in Britain. 6. The hub of activity
was in the Physics Department, where a Press Conference was being held. 7. Georgina
adopted an esoteric diet where she avoided any foods that contained milk products or
eggs. 8. Many British people like to have at least one “vegetarian day” each week. 9.
The vegan family would prepare imitation chicken nuggets made from soya for their
children. 10. When English castles have replica medieval banquets, mead is often
served. 11. Ian rushed to the off-license to buy some more six-packs of beer. 12. Many
cooks argue about whether short pastry should be made with margarine or butter. 13.
The most popular fillings for fruit pies in England are apple, apple and blackberry, and
apricot. 14. Most supermarkets now stock a range of pizzas that are made to be cooked
from frozen. 15. Many supermarkets now have cafes where food and drink may be
consumed on the premises, while alcohol sales are only for consumption off the
premises. 16. Ira was told to dramatically reduce her intake of alcohol. 17. The Scots
have a cultural mania to deep- fry very many foods, even Mars Bars. 18. There was
trouble brewing at the factory. 19. Monks in many countries became specialists at
brewing fine beers. 20. Most Ukrainian bars serve high-quality Ukrainian beer on
draught although some elitist bars only serve extremely expensive bottled beer as a
novelty. 21. Many staple vegetables, such as turnip and swede, are becoming a
minority food in Britain. 22. The chain of supermarkets finally decided to stock real
Indian spices.
18. Match the words in the first column, as they were used in the text, to their
meanings in the second column:
a) to complement
b) pasty
c) batter
d) episode
e) to feature
1) a mixture of flour, eggs and water for coating food for frying
2) the fat of a pig
3) to add something that improves the whole
4) a very selective eater of the finest foods
5) one of a sequential series
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f) food-faddist
g) gourmet
h) ubiquitous
i) stodgy
j) lard
k) custard
1) gravy
m) omnivore
n) barrel
o) cereals
P) speciality
q) culinary highlight
r) kebab
6) to be highlighted or to star
7) a person or animal that eats both meat and fruits / vegetables
8) a person with unusual views as to what their diet should be
9) found everywhere
10) a small individual pie
11) fattening, heavy and filling
12) a hot vanilla sauce for desserts
13) a meat sauce, usually added to roast meats
14) a large container for liquids
15) meat grilled on a skewer, often eaten in pita bread with salad
16) a food speciality that is seen as better that the rest
17) something best produced in one place only
18) edible grain from arable farming
19. Sort out the following list of food mentioned in the text into the following
categories: a) main dishes; b) drinks; c) deserts; d) snacks. Which of them may be
considered as belonging to two groups? Which of these do not belong to English
cuisine?
Roast beef, gin, curry, ginger beer, beer, champagne, chocolate limes, roast swan,
Yorkshire puddings, bangers, cereals, steak and kidney pie, fish and chips,
fish fingers, oat porridge, port, traditional English breakfast, cereals, cherry, toast with
marmalade, lasagne, yoghurt, pies, pickled onions, pickled eggs, mushy peas, stout
porter, black pudding, pineapple rings, deep-fried Mars bars, Toad in the Hole, haggis,
cider, cake, fruit dish, ale, stodgy pudding, steak and kidney pudding, mead, chicken
tikka masala.
20. State with what foods the following sauces are consumed:
Tartare sauce, mint sauce, orange sauce, apple sauce, brown sauce, gravy, custard,
ketchup.
21. Match the following English words that name different kinds of meat, fish,
vegetables and spices historically and currently consumed in England to their
Ukrainian equivalents.
a) turnip
b) swedes
c) bacon
d) venison
e) parsnip
f) buckwheat
g) ginger
h) pork
i) sole
j) cod
k) rosemary
1) ріпа
2) пастернак
3) бруква
4) гречка
5) імбир
6) оленина
7) свинина
8) сьомга
9) камбала
10) форель
11) тріска
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1) salmon
m) beans
n) trout
o) dill
P) lime
q) roe
r) parsley
12) бекон
13) боби
14) лайм
15) ікра
16) петрушка
17) кріп
18) розмарин
22. Form adjectives from the following geographical names of countries that
contributed to English cuisine and give their Ukrainian equivalents. Name several
dishes or products that were borrowed from these countries.
Scotland, Wales, Ireland, India, China, France, Italy, Greece, Germany, Brittany,
Taiwan, Nepal, the USA, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand.
23. Which adjectives characterise traditional English cuisine and which
contemporary English cuisine? Give Ukrainian equivalents.
Clearly recognizable, bland, unimaginative, boring, varied, fusion, spicy, Asian,
Oriental, roast, boiled, tandoori, stir-fried (in a wok), stewed, stodgy, grilled, vinegary,
mushy.
24. Look into the word formation processes for the following words containing des/dis
as their part. In which cases do des/dis form parts of the root? And in which cases
they represent negative prefixes used to form words with negative meaning? Study the
etymology of the former group using special dictionaries. Use the words below to
describe the tendencies and attitudes in English cuisine.
Despise, distaste, distrust, disappear, describe, discern, despite, disaster, disciple,
disagree, displease, dissuade, dislike, discontent, discomfort, disturb, disappoint,
disapprove, distill, desperate, distinguish.
25. Revise the vocabulary of the section by quickly giving Ukrainian equivalents to
the following English words and phrases:
Subject vocabulary
Buckwheat, sole, lamb, black pudding, omnivore, fad, food-faddist, lard, cod roe,
pickle, shilling, kebab, sherry, crispy, cuisine, bland, turnip, parsnip, swede, staple
(food), hub, soft drink, gourmet, esoteric, venison, pheasant, salmon, cereal, speciality
food, herb, flaky pastry, savoury, pike, perch, trout, fish fingers, intake, deep-fat fryer,
sprinkle, batter, notorious, to brew, draught beer, keg beer, pint, malt, cider, scrumpy,
spirit drink, distaste, to stock, fusion cookery, thread, culinary delight, to complement,
unimaginative, boring, gourmet, don, Royal Charter, sauce, filling, to feature, episode,
toast, omnivore, cream, ubiquitous, lard, vinegar, peas, stodgy, pudding, gravy,
speciality, draught, barrel, keg, fortified wine, garlic, pepper, take-away, ingredient,
marinated, varied.
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26. Reinforce your knowledge of the Vocabulary of the lesson by quickly giving
English equivalents to the following expressions:
Внесок, традиційна кухня, прісний, основний продукт, центр торгівлі,
зневажати, натяк, безалкогольний напій, гурман, ненажера, оленина, лосось,
баранина, яловичина, смак, спеції, листове тісто, хрусткий, начинка, несолодкий,
форель, щука, окунь, рибні палички, вівсяна каша, швидкорозчинна кава,
міркування здоров’я, посудомийна машина, всеїдний, м’ясоїдний, травоїдний,
вершки, сметана, пекарня, їжа на виніс, фритюрниця, на розлив, варити пиво,
спиртний напій, відраза, мати на продажу, злиття, ріпа, пастернак, бруква, гречка,
імбир, злакові культури, солод, бризкати, кров’янка, запечений, діжечка, міцне
вино, херес, джин, шампанське, втаємничений, спеції, м’ятний соус, начинка,
нирки, зображувати, грінка, мармелад, розчинна кава, примхи в їжі, всюдисущий,
рослинна олія, вершкове масло, сало, пиріг, пиріжок, ситний, світле пиво, міцне
пиво, півень, портвейн, часник, перець, відраза, недовіра, десерт, компонент в їжі,
асортимент товарів, макаронні вироби, розібратися, домашній сир, мед (напій).
27. Find answers to the following using additional sources of information:
1. Name 8 kinds of pasta by their European names – (macaroni is one).
2. Name 3 popular Indian dishes.
3. Name 3 popular Chinese dishes.
4. Name 3 kinds of kebabs by names that would be recognized in Europe.
5. Name and describe one traditional Welsh dish.
6. Why do Macdonald’s, Burger King, Wendy’s and other such American fastfood chains have relatively so few branches in Britain?
7. The most quickly expanding fast-food chain at the time of writing is Starbucks,
competing hard with Costa’s. What do they primarily offer?
8. From what countries do these popular beers, all top-sellers in Britain, originate?
Foster’s, Stella Artois, Heineken, Beck’s, Carslberg, Tuborg, Kingfisher and Tiger.
9. Name 3 kinds of British cheese.
10. Name 3 of Britain’s supermarket giants, other than Tesco’s.
28. Read the following BBC news item and translate in into Ukrainian. Based on the
context try to work out the meaning of the following words: deskfast, to wolf down, a
“greasy spoon” café. When translating the text use the following prompts: R.I.P.
(Latin: requiescat in pace) – упокой Господь, його душу, fare – їжа, haunt –
пристановище, demise – кончина, смерть, spam – варена ковбаса, siblings – діти
одних батьків, unsolicited – непроханий, небажаний.
R.I.P. Full English Breakfast
The FULL ENGLISH BREAKFAST has seen its last dawn, market researchers
have announced. Full English – or Fry-up, as it was affectionately known to those who
found calorific comfort in its fried bacon, sausage, mushroom, eggs and tomato – could
not survive in the modem world. According to Datamonitor, notoriously unhealthy Fryup was killed by a flurry of activity. Britons are increasingly busy in the mornings and
Full English was just too “time consuming to prepare”.
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Though cooking bums 100 more calories an hour than sitting down, people
neglected Full English (admittedly 127 calories per sausage) in favour of convenience
foods they could wolf down on the way to work or actually at their desks.
“Deskfast” fare such as cereal bars and, God forbid, fmit are preparing to dance on
Full English’s grave, says Datamonitor. There are even rumours Full English’s evil
foreign enemies (Swiss muesli, French croissants and American muffins) had a hand in
the death. Full English may not even be survived by its old haunts. More than one in
nine old-style “greasy spoon” cafes have shut down since 1997. Fry-up’s legacy may at
least linger in the very heart of the information age blamed for its demise. Full English
was instrumental in the writing of the Monty Python spam sketch (Waitress: Well,
there’s egg and spam; egg, sausage and spam; egg and double spam; egg, bacon and
spam...”), which gave annoying and unsolicited mass e- mails their nickname.
Full English is thought to be survived by an identical twin across the Irish sea,
Ulster Fry. There is also a relative north of the Border, Full Scottish which is almost
identical to its Sassenach sibling except for the addition of haggis. No flowers.
29. Answer the following questions to the text above.
1. What is the style of the passage? Comment on it.
2. What does the last sentence means in terms of burial rites?
3. Why has the full English breakfast fallen out of favour?
4. What are the main rivals?
5. Why do you feel the Full Scottish and the Ulster Fry have survived?
30. Translate the following sentences into English using the active vocabulary of the
section.
1. Злиття цих двох політичних партій було неминучим. 2. Англійська кухня
поєднує здобутки декількох національних кухонь сходу. 3. Розплутати цю
ситуацію здавалося неможливим. 4. Ти завжди готуєш все таке прісне. 5. Рис –
основний продукт харчування в Китаї. 6. Ця людина має лагідну вдачу. 7. Це
місто на перехресті шляхів завжди було центром торгівлі. 8. Існують різні форми
вегетаріанства: є й такі, де не вживаються будь-які продукти тваринного
походження. 9. На нашій вулиці є магазин езотеричних товарів. 10. Це була одна з
його примх: їсти хліб лише у вигляді тостів. 11. Сметана в нашому розумінні
раніше продавалась в Англії лише в польських магазинах. 12. Майже всі супермаркети в Великій Британії мають свої власні пекарні. 13. Домашній сир можна
купити і на ринку і в супермаркеті. 14. Напій з меду був поширений у середні віки
в багатьох країнах Західної Європи. 15. Де тут поблизу є магазин алкогольних
напоїв на виніс? 16. Листкове тісто може мати різні начинки – як солодкі, так і
несолодкі. 17. Тост з мармеладом – улюблена страва англійців на сніданок. 18.
Готелі в Великій Британії на сніданок пропонують лише традиційний англійський
сніданок або шведський стіл. 19. Дехто вважає, що пиво на розлив завжди
смачніше. 20. Ми купили фритюрницю, щоб готувати чіпси вдома. 21.
Найкращим його кулінарним досягненням була курка в апельсиновому соусі. 22.
Англійці полюбляють запікати гов ’ядину в духовці. 23. Фазан, лосось та дичина –
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їжа для англійських гурманів. 24. Солона вівсянка була традиційною їжею
незаможних верств населення в Шотландії. 25. Яблучний оцет з різними спеціями
та олією вживається як заправка для овочевих салатів. 26. Ситні десерти
заливаються спеціальним яєчним соусом. 27. Портвейн, херес, сидр та джин –
традиційні англійські алкогольні напої. 28. Маю відразу до такої їжі. 29.
Мариновані яйця подаються як закуска в англійських пабах. ЗО. Супермаркети
мають в асортименті інгредієнти для приготування їжі з різних країн світу.
Test your knowledge of English!
Which one of these is a spice?
a. basil b. garlic c. salt d. cinnamon
“Welsh Rabbit” is what on toast?
a. rabbit b. cheese c. onions d. minced lamb
If you’re served bubble and squeak in England you get..?
a. soap b. cat food c. fried potatoes and cabbage d. a live mouse
You’re in Britain and you ask for bangers and mash. What do you get?
a. Sausages and pureed potatoes b. fireworks c. a good beating d. tea and cake
If something is plain vanilla then it’s..?
a. the basic version b. dull c. boring d. a dessert
READING 2
1. Think of ten to fifteen thematic words which you are likely to find in the following
text on ‘National Festivals and Holidays’ and write them down, checking later
whether the words you predict actually appear. How many of them are culture
specific words?
2. To facilitate reading comprehension of the text, look through the following
comments before the first reading:
Comments
1. “Fellow of the Institute”. A Fellow is a formal designation for a member of a
learned society or academic body. Член наукового товариства або установи.
2. May Day. One of the most important pagan fertility festivals was May Day,
which is still celebrated in a “cute” manner today in Britain and some European
countries. Traditions include nominating a “May Queen”, a “May King” and dancing
around a maypole. This festival was later subsumed by the International Socialist
Organization. Травневе свято.
3. Maypole or May tree. The symbol around which villagers danced, during part
of the May Day celebration. Травневе дерево.
4. Morris Dancers. A ritualized form of folk-dancing dating back to the 15th
century. Виконавці народних танців.
5. Beltane, n. An ancient Gaelic festival celebrated around 1st May, the exact date
depending on the position of the sun. Белтейн.
6. New-Year’s-Resolution diet. It is traditional on 1st January in some countries to
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make a resolution to improve something that is seen as not good enough, especially in
behaviour or habits. After over-eating over Christmas, many people vow to go on a diet.
Зарок дотримуватися дієти, який дається на новий рік.
7. Goths. In contemporary society, this is a social group or subculture that tends to
dress all in black, listen to Gothic Rock music, wear military boots, etc. Готи,
прихильники готичного року.
8. New-Agers. A generic term for many contemporary subcultures, linked by
beliefs in “alternative spirituality” or “alternative religion”. Представники напрямку
“нового віку”.
9. Modern druids. Druids were ancient Celtic priests. One of the more specific
New Age groups base their belief system on some interpretations of what Druid
religions may have been. Сучасні друїди.
10. Crufts. The largest national dog show in the UK. Крафтс.
11. BMF. British Motorcycle Federation. Британська федерація
мотоциклістів.
Text 2: National Festivals and Holidays
Kate Fox
Kate Fox is a social anthropologist and is Co-Director of the Social Issues
Research Centre in Oxford and a Fellow of the Institute for Cultural Research. In
2004 she published a bestseller called “Watching the English” from which these
two short extracts are taken. Her section on Christmas has not been used, as the
topic was covered as a lesson in this series of textbooks, Year 1.
And as New Year’s Eve is understood to be the most debauched and disinhibited
of our calendrical rites, the rest (Hallowe’en, Guy Fawkes’s Night, Easter, May Day,
Valentine’s, etc.) tend to be pretty tame – although they all have their origins in much
more boisterous pagan festivals.
Our May Day, with staid, respectable, usually middle-aged Morris Dancers and
the occasional innocent children’s maypole, is a revival of the ancient pagan rites of
Beltane. In some parts of the country, counter-culture/New Age revellers with
dreadlocks, beads and multiple body-piercings celebrate May Day alongside the Morris
Dancers – an odd-looking juxtaposition, but generally amicable. Hallowe’en – fancy
dress and sweets – is a descendant of All Souls’ Eve, a festival of communion with the
dead, also of pagan origin and celebrated in various forms in many cultures around the
world.
The practice of lighting bonfires and burning effigies in early November is
another pagan one – common at ‘fire festivals’ welcoming the winter (the effigies
represented the old year) – adapted in the 17th century to commemorate the defeat of
Guy Fawkes’s plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament. It is still also known as Bonfire
Night and Fireworks Night, and is now celebrated with firework-parties over a period of
at least a fortnight, rather than just on the night of the 5th November. Valentine’s Day –
cards, flowers, chocolate – is a sanitized Christian version of the Ancient Roman
Festival of Lupercalia, originally held on the 15th February, which was a much more
raunchy celebration of the ‘coming of spring’ (in other words, the start of the mating
season) designed to ensure the fertility of fields, flocks and people.
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Many people think of Easter as one of the few genuinely Christian calendricals, but
even its name is not Christian, being a variant of Eostre, the Saxon goddess of spring,
and many of our Easter customs – eggs and so on – are based on pagan fertility rites.
Some otherwise non-practicing Christians may go to a church service on Easter Sunday,
and even some totally non-religious people ‘give something up’ for the traditional
fasting period of Lent (it’s a popular time to restart one’s New-Year’s-Resolution diet,
which somehow lost its momentum by the third week in January...)
In addition to these ‘mainstream’ national calendricals, every English ethnic group
and religious minority has its own national holidays... And every English sub-culture
has its own calendricals- its own tribal gatherings and festivals. These include the
upper-class ‘Season’, of which the Royal Ascot race meeting, the Henley Regatta and
Wimbledon tennis championships, are the principal events.
The racing fraternity have the Grand National, the Cheltenham Festival and the
Derby in addition to Ascot: Goths have their annual Convention at Whitby in Yorkshire:
New Agers, other counter-culture groups and young music lovers have their festival at
Glastonbury: Modem Druids have the Summer Solstice at Stonehenge: opera-lovers
have Glyndeboume; dog-lovers have Crufts; bikers have the BMF show at
Peterborough; horsey folk have Badminton, Hickstead and the Horse of the Year Show;
and so on.
There are thousands of these sub-cultural calendricals, far too many to list, but
each one, to its adherents, may be much more important than Christmas...
We need these special days, these little mini-festivals, to provide breaks from our
routine and give structure to our years, just as regular mealtimes structure our days.
That’s ‘we humans’, of course, not just ‘we English’, but we English do seem to have a
particular need for regular ‘time out’ from our rigid social controls.
Which brings me rather neatly to the concept of holidays, and especially the
summer holiday...
This two- or three-week break is a time outside regular, mundane existence, a
special time when the normal controls, routines and restraints are suspended, and we
feel a sense of liberation from the workaday world. We are free from the shackles of
work, school or housekeeping routines – this is playtime, ‘free’ time, time that is ‘ours’.
On holiday, we say, ‘your time is your own’.
Summer holidays are an alternative reality: if we can, we go to another country; we
dress differently; we eat different, special, more indulgent food (‘Go on, have another
ice-cream, you’re on holiday!’) – and we behave differently. The English on their
summer holiday are more relaxed, more sociable, more spontaneous, less hidebound
and uptight. We speak of holidays as a time to ‘let our hair down’, ‘have fun’, ‘let off
steam’, ‘unwind’, ‘go a bit mad’. We may even talk to strangers. The English don’t
often cross cultural boundaries like that. English holidays – summer holidays in
particular – are governed by the same laws of cultural remission as carnivals and
festivals.
Like ‘celebration’, ‘holiday’ is a magic word. As with festivals, however, cultural
remission does not mean an unbridled, anarchic free-for-all, but rather a regulated sort
of rowdiness, a selective spontaneity, in which specified inhibitions are shed in a
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prescribed, conventional manner.
The English on holiday do not suddenly or entirely stop being English. Our
defining qualities do not disappear: our behaviour is still dictated by the ingrained rules
of humour, hypocrisy, modesty, class-consciousness, fair play, social unease, and so on.
But we do let our guard down a bit. The cultural remission of holiday law does not
cure us of our social unease, but the symptoms are to some extent “in remission”. We
do not miraculously become any more socially skilled, of course, but we do become
socially inclined – more open, less buttoned-up...
For good or ill, the transitional laws of carnival/holiday time apply to minor
calendricals such as Bank holidays as well - and even to ordinary weekends... Evenings
and lunch hours are also mini-remissions, and even coffee- and tea- breaks can be –
what’s even smaller? – nano-remissions, perhaps.
We talk about ‘getting back to reality’ or ‘back to the real world’ after a holiday,
and part of the meaning and function of holidays is to define that ‘real world’ more
sharply. Holidays and mini-remissions do not challenge or subvert the norms and laws
that are sometimes suspended for their duration; quite the opposite: holidays highlight
and reinforce these rules. By breaking the mles in a conscious, structured manner, we
throw these important norms into sharp relief, and ensure our own obedience to them
back in ‘real time’. Holidays help us to appreciate the structure and certainties – and
even the restraints – of our ‘normal’ life and routines. By the end of the summer
holidays, we have had enough of indulgence and excess, and yeam for a bit of
moderation.
3. Answer the following questions after the first reading of the text and using your
background knowledge:
1. What is by far the biggest national holiday in Great Britain?
2. What other British national holidays were described in this text? Which of them
are celebrated in Ukraine?
3. What are the origins of most national holidays?
4. What is the historical fact behind Fireworks night?
5. Into what two large groups does the author divide all national holidays?
6. What groups of people are meant by sub-culture and counterculture?
7. What are mini-festivals in terms of the author’s views?
8. Why do people need holidays and mini-festivals?
9. Why are holidays described as ‘alternative reality’ by Kate Fox?
10. What is the connection between ‘reality’ and holidays?
4. Write out from the text 4-6 sentences which you believe summarise its main
idea/ideas best of all.
5. Write out 15 key words on the topic of the text and compare them with the list of
those thematic words that you wrote earlier. How many of them have coincided? Find
any clues to their general meanings in the text if there are any.
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6. Choose one of the following definitions for the words from the text, which ideally
suit the context in which they were used.
1) A Fellow: a) colloq. a man or boy; b) a member of a learned society; c) a
comrade.
2) Remission: a) reduction of a prison sentence; b) forgiveness of sins; c) remitting
of a debt; d) the lessening of the effects of something; e) the lessening of rigid control.
3) Calendrical rites: a) formalized procedures determined by the date; b) religious
observances on certain days; c) funeral rituals.
4) Communion: a) body or group within the Christian faith; b) fellowship; c) the
Catholic Eucharist; d) participation and sharing.
5) Sanitized: a) colloq. censored; b) having all germs removed; c) disinfected.
6) Convention: a) an agreement on social behaviour; b) a formal agreement
between nations; c) a meeting of like-minded individuals; d) customary practice.
7) Nano-: a) one thousand-millionth; b) colloq. a tiny amount.
7. Study the following notes:
Vocabulary notes
1. Disinhibited, participle. AmE: to be freed from inhibitions – inhibitions are
those behaviours that repress many desires felt to be unseemly or undesirable.
Нестриманий, безперешкодний, беззаборонний, непригнічений, вільний.
The word is not part of Anglo-English but is sometimes borrowed from American
English to be used in academic writing. In American English, for example: On her
birthday she felt disinhibited because her parents weren’t present. The equivalent in
Anglo-English: On her birthday she acted in an uninhibited manner, as her parents
weren’t there.
Inhibit, v.
1) hinder, prevent, restrain- перешкоджати, стримувати, пригнічувати, e.g. Her
very presence inhibited any kind of conversation.
2) forbid a person to do something – забороняти, e.g. As one of the conditions of
parole, he was inhibited from going to bars or nightclubs.
Der.:inhibition, n – затримка, гальмування, стримування, прешкоджання,
заборона, inhibitor п – інгібітор, inhibited participle – заборонений, затриманий,
приглушений, загальмований.
Syn.: to prevent – to stop something from happening, to obstruct – to place
obstacles in the way, to encumber – to burden with something relatively ill-defined or
abstract, to hinder – to get in the way of something, to impede - to stand in the way, to
hamper – to make more difficult, to bar – to prohibit or prevent, to handicap – to burden
with something specific.
3. Calendrical/calendric, adj. Rare adjectives, only normally used in highly
specific academic writing. They are derived from the word ‘calendar’. Календарний,
e.g. A very complex calendrical calculation is made to determine the date of Easter.
4. Communion, n. Used in one of three main meanings, in the text it is used as
formal communication in a ritual manner. Спілкування. The other meanings include:
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1) generalized communication in an abstract sense – спілкування, e.g. She always
felt revitalized after a period of communion with nature.
2) (more fully Holy Communion) a formal church ceremony – причастя, e.g. He
went to Communion as often as he could.
5. Rites, n. Normally used in a religious context in set phrases but is used here as a
specific Social Science term to describe a ritualistic way of doing something.
The Catholic Church uses the word to formally describe the ceremonies, prayers or
functions of any religious body – обряд, церемонія, ритуал, e.g. The rites of the
Catholic Mass seem very strange to most Protestants. It is also used to describe a period
of significant change - церемонія посвяти, e.g. Most people regard puberty as one of
the rites of passage of young people.
Comb.: the rites of hospitality – обряд гостинності, funeral rites/the Last Rites –
похоронний обряд/ритуал, the rite of passage – обряд посвяти, the rites of Spring –
весняні обряди.
6. Dreadlocks, n. A hairstyle of tight braids, in which the head is covered with
them hanging down loose. Африканські коски. e.g. Most Rastafarians wear dreadlocks
and the hairstyle has very much become associated with that religion.
7. Counterculture, n. Today a popular term adopted from anthropology that
describes a set of social norms and beliefs that are contrary to established society, or the
group of people that live in such a way. Альтернативна культура. Неформали, e.g.
Opponents of the Vietnam War formed a significant counterculture during the 1970s.
8. Juxtaposition, n. The placing of two or more things side by side. Безпосереднє
сусідство, стикання, накладання, зіставлення, e.g. То her artistic sense, the
juxtaposition of red shoes and a lilac handbag was horrible.
Syn.: comparison – placing items literally or metaphorically side-by-side in order
to make decisions or judgments about them, contrast – to select the differences between
things being considered, adjacency – the way that items may be placed or found literally
next to one another, proximity – to be in the general area of a selected item.
9. Effigy, n. A representation usually of a person in the form of a sculptured figure
or a dummy. Зображення, фігурка (людини тощо), e.g. The most common effigies
seen today are in Waxworks museums.
Comb.: bum in effigy – спалити чиюсь фігурку (як символічне покарання того,
кого вона зображує), hang in effigy- повісити чиєсь зображення або фігурку (як
символічне покарання), e.g. Guy Fawkes is to this day burned in effigy on the 5th of
November in Britain.
10. Sanitized, participle.
1) lit. that which is cleaned to be free of germs or microbes – просанований (від
санація), продезинфікований, знезаражений, e.g. Many hotels place “Sanitized for
your health and comfort” notices over a toilet after the chambermaid has been.
2) fig. that which has unpleasant or disturbing or secret elements removed –
облагороджений, оброблений, пом’якшений, з видаленими неприємними або
секретними елементами, e.g. The film presents a less sanitized version of the war. To
sanitize negative features ... To sanitize a hard disk...
11. Subculture, n. A group or class within a culture or even a counterculture, often
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having beliefs that conflict with or differ from the main group. Субкультура, e.g. The
photographer was sent to take shots of the latest celebrities of the rock subculture.
12. Tribal, adj.
1) lit. characteristic of a member of an ethnic group or division – родовий,
племінний, e.g. Tribal sovereignty has been described in detail by George W. Bush
during many interviews.
2) in academic writing characterized by the tendency to form groups or by strong
group loyalty – груповий, e.g. Organizational politics is frequently described in tribal
terms.
12. Adherent, n. Used figuratively to describe somebody who ‘attaches’
themselves to a group. Прихильник, послідовник.
Syn.: fan – short for ‘fanatic’, someone who is emotionally very much in favour of
something or somebody, supporter – someone who gives their help or encouragement,
follower – someone who follows a leader, faith, rule of conduct, etc., disciple – a
follower who believes absolutely in something, admirer – someone who looks
positively at someone or something, ally – a formally defined supporter of a cause.
Ant.: dropout – someone who refuses to do what is expected of them, renegade –
someone who abandons their religious or political beliefs, defector – a person who
changes sides, deserter – someone who runs away from an environment, especially in
the military, rebel – someone who wants to change the established order.
13. Mundane, adj. Pertaining to everyday life, dull, routine – буденний,
щоденний, рутинний, e.g. He got very bored with many of the mundane aspects of his
job. Also pertaining to this world – світський, мирський, земний, e.g. We may live
mundane lives, but we can all dream of the stars.
14. Hidebound, adj. Constrained by ideas or beliefs that seem to be unable to be
changed – обмежений, з вузьким світоглядом, закоснілий. e.g. His hidebound
attitude to so many everyday activities began to seriously irritate his wife.
15. Free-for-all, n. A game, contest or discussion that is unrestricted and generally
without rules – букв, загальна бійка, сутичка, перен. гра без правил, e.g. After the
referee sent off a player for no good reason, the game descended into a free-for-all.
16. To let your hair down.
1) fig (colloq.) relax from rules and restraints, cease to be formal and enjoy
yourself, often in an uninhibited fashion- розслабитися, e.g. It’ll be great when he
decides to let his hair down and join the rest of us for some light-hearted entertainment
after the meeting.
2) lit. release the hair from a style in which it is held on the top of the head –
розпустити волосся, e.g. After a long day at work, she changed into her jeans and let
her hair down.
17. Remission, n. Here used figuratively as a specific academic term to describe
the temporary freeing of a person from certain cultural norms or constraints. Ремісія,
послаблення.
1) a respite; a release from captivity – тимчасове звільнення (від покарання),
e.g. The prison warden decided to give her a remission of sentence.
2) medicine temporary lessening of symptoms – зменшення, послаблення болю,
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ремісія, e.g. His cancer had gone into remission, but the respite was brief.
18. Nano-remission, n. The author’s neologism, invented to explain the point of
her argument. “Nano” is literally a factor of one thousand-millionth and so a tiny
amount. “Nano” is now being used in many sciences to describe extreme
miniaturization, e.g. nanotechnology.
19. Let your guard down. To relax, to lower defenses. Розслабитися, e.g. In the
last few minutes of the football match, the home team let its guard down and conceded a
goal.
20. Subvert, v. To disturb or overthrow a government, cultural norm or societal
attitude. Скидати, повалити, підірвати (монархію, уряд, устої суспільства тощо),
e.g. Nothing so much strengthens any government as an unsuccessful endeavour to
subvert it.
21. Indulgence, n. Gratification of another’s desires or humour, the fact of being
gratified. Потурання, поблажливість, терпимість, толерантність. e.g. Her mother’s
indulgence of her baby was getting on her nerves.
22. Indulge, v. Treat a person with excessive kindness, gratify or humour this
person’s desires. Потурати, ставитися поблажливо, e.g. Mary-Lou was terribly
spoiled because her parents indulged her every whim.
23. Indulgent, adj. That allows himself or someone else to receive additional
pleasure by the removal of constraints. Поблажливий, терпимий, толерантний, e.g.
He let his son act in an indulgent manner when they went to the sea-side every now and
again.
24. Ingrained, adj. In the inmost texture, deeply rooted. Що проникає, просочує,
в’їлося. Притаманний, характерний, e.g. His dislike of liver and onions was deeply
ingrained.
8. Read the text for the second time. Find the Ukrainian equivalents for the
highlighted words in the Vocabulary Notes and Comments.
9. To facilitate the translation task, match the following English words from the text
that characterise the behaviour of the British both everyday and on holiday to their
Ukrainian equivalents. Use the words in brackets as prompts.
Boisterous (noisy)
Debauched (lacking morals)
Tame (unexciting)
Staid (respectable)
Raunchy (sexually provocative)
Rigid (strict)
Spontaneous (unprepared)
Hidebound (narrow-minded)
Uptight (rigidly conventional)
Unbridled (unrestrained)
Anarchic (against order)
Rowdy (disorderly)
Нудний, скромний
Урівноважений, статечний
Шумливий, бурхливий
Сексуальний
Розбещений, бешкетний
Спонтанний
Заскнілий, з вузьким світоглядом
Непохитно традиційний
Суворий
Анархічний
Дружелюбний
Розгнузданий, свавільний
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Buttoned-up (incommunicative)
Amicable (friendly)
Замкнений, відлюдний
Безладний, галасливий
10. Listen to the recording of the text, read it aloud in class and translate it into
Ukrainian.
11. Find in the text and write down the events and festivals that are forever linked for
the British with the following place names:
Ascot, Henley, Wimbledon (right), Cheltenham, Derby, Whitby, Glastonbury,
Stonehenge, Glyndeboume, Crufts, Peterborough, Badminton, Hickstead.
12. Find in the text explanations for the words and word combinations given below.
Comment on their positionin relation to the words they define and punctuation
marks, if any, used to introduce them into the sentence.
• All Souls’ Eve
• Lupercalia
• Eostre
• Subculture calendricals
• Socially inclined
• Fire festivals.
13. a) How would you describe the text in general? As a clue read once more the note
about the author before the text itself. Define the text’s genre, choosing from: a)
academic; b) fiction; c) documentary; d) journalistic; e) comedy; f) travelogue; g)
social commentary.
b) Find in the text words specific only to this sort of text, using the Vocabulary
Notes for general guidance. What would you call such words?
c) Find instances of humour in the text and comment on them. What aspects of
English character are they describing?
14. Fill out the following table that compares and contrasts the behaviour of the
British in their everyday life and on holidays by finishing the sentences if you
remember them, if not, then by consulting the text.
Everyday behaviour
English seem to need regular “time
out” from their everyday ...
Usually the British tend to be ...
They never talk to ...
The behaviour is dictated by the
ingrained rules of...
The British do not let their guard ...
Social ... is a characteristic feature
for the British.
Behaviour on holidays
New Year’s Eve is understood to be ...
Holidays other than New Year’s Eve tend to be ...
The Ancient Roman Festival of Lupercalia was a
rather ... celebration of the “coming of spring”
On holidays the British feel a sense of... from the
workaday world.
On holidays “your time is ...”
On holidays the British are free from the shackles of...
The British dress ..., eat... food.
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The British are not usually socially
... very much.
Holidays are regulated sort of...
On holidays the British become socially ...
15. Discuss the contents of the text using the following bullet-points:
• Most Christian holidays originate from boisterous pagan festivities.
• he ways of celebrating May Day by traditional and counter-culture revellers.
• The historical fact behind Fireworks night and its current form.
• How Valentine’s day and Easter celebrate the coming ofspring.
• Sub-culture tribal gatherings and festivities.
• Summer holidays as a break from mundane existence.
• The English on holiday.
• Why we need breaks from our “real” lives.
16. Retell the text in detail using the bullet-points above.
VOCABULARY PRACTICE 2
17. Study the meaning of the italicized words using the Vocabulary Notes and
translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
1. She shook her head in bewilderment that anything so mundane could produce a
hightening of sensation (M. Walters). 2. The idea that football was the key to existence
had been ingrained into him since he was a toddler. 3. Her grandmother couldn’t resist
being indulgent when taking little Johnny to the shops. 4. She wanted to work for the
government in order to subvert from within. 5. He had a brief remission from the pain
before he fell seriously ill again. 6. She’d become totally bored with Bohdan- she
needed to be with someone less hidebound and more open-minded. 7. The adherents of
the religious sect met every Tuesday evening in their rented hall. 8. Levi liked to talk
about his Native American tribal ancestry. 9. Every time I try to define a sub-culture, it
spawns a sub-culture of its own. 10. The operating theatre had to be sanitized all over
again after the accident. 11. The Iraqis regularly burned George W. Bush in effigy
whenever the U.S. troops were not present. 12. The juxtaposition of the Hummer and
the Zaporozhets made a strong statement about the unequal salaries in the company. 13.
The football player had grown a fine set of dreadlocks. 14. One of my favourite pieces
of classical music is Stravinsky’s “The Rites of Spring”. 15. She felt inhibited talking
about her boyfriend in front of her father.
18. Sort the list of adjectives below, characterising the behaviour of the English on
different occasions, into two rows of words that are more or less opposite in meaning.
What may be the occasions when the two groups of characteristics overlap? Translate
the words into Ukrainian.
Boisterous, spontaneous, staid, debauched, tame, hidebound, raunchy, uptight,
unbridled, buttoned-up, amicable, open, indulgent, rigid, anarchic, modest, hypocritical,
class-conscious, relaxed, ironic, socially inclined, rowdy, disinhibited, hidebound,
conventional, excessive, routine, moderated.
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19. Continue the following rows of synonyms using the vocabulary of the Section and
dictionaries of synonyms:
a. Noisy, loud ...
b. Spoilt...
c. Respectable ...
d. Sexual ...
e. Closed, uncommunicative...
f. Friendly ...
g. Excessive ...
h. Traditional ...
i. Everyday ...
j. To relax ...
20. Replace the Ukrainian words in brackets with their English equivalents.
1. From time to time his neighbours complain that he has (галасливий) parties. 2.
Byron was renowned for his (розбещений) behaviour. 3. This film’s a bit (нудний) for
my liking. 4. His spinster aunt was the embodiment of a (врівноважений) and
considerate old lady. 5. Britney Spears’ (сексуально провокаційний) stage act was
designed to appeal especially to American teenagers. 6. The college’s (суворий) code
of conduct was a shock to some new students. 7. The attendees of the meeting broke out
into (несподіваний) applause at the end of her presentation. 8. Women in the 1920’s
threw off many of the (застарілий) shackles of their previous generations. 9. “Don’t be
so (традиційний, скутий)! Relax and enjoy yourself!” 10. His anger was
(нестримуваний) when he realized what had happened. 11. Teenagers thought it was
fun to put (анархічний) inscriptions on their T-shirts. 12. As the evening wore on, the
crowd became more and more (безладний). 13. The two political parties reached an
(дружній) agreement on the formation of the Cabinet. 14. The homeopathic doctor
rarely took а (традиційний) approach to a medical issue. 15. The more (щоденний)
aspect of housework drove her crazy. 16. Binge-drinking, that is drinking too much too
quickly, is one of the worst forms of (надмірний) behaviour. 17. Goths and punks
developed distinct (груповий) identities. 18. Although cute, the dog was very (дивного
вигляду). 19. Spring is а (шлюбний) period for many species on our planet. 20. It
became а (заведений) exercise for her to virus-scan her computer. 21. Many believe
that а (помірний) intake of alcohol may not be harmful. 22. The (перехідний) phase of
the project seemed to cause more worries than any other. 23. She was (схильний) to
avoiding any academic work on Sundays. 24. He felt it to be (лицемірний) to pretend
that he was interested in working for that company.
21. Translate the text below into Ukrainian using words, word combinations and
phrases from the following list as prompts: і оком не мигнути; бути на волосок від
чогось; запальний; розслабитися; перемивати кісточки; карколомний; лкогольний
напій, який помагає від похмілля; втрати самовладання; скрутний; не
гарячкувати.
Tanya groaned as she opened her bleary eyes. As she remembered her hair-raising
107
adventures the previous evening, she realised that she’d been a hair’s breadth from
getting into a truly hairy situation. She’d had a hair-trigger temper since
childhood and any person in a bar that got in her hair was just asking for trouble. Last
night her hairdresser, called Sasha, who in any discussion couldn’t resist endlessly
splitting hairs had bored everyone silly.
Determined to let her hair down, Tanya had not turned a hair when her best friend
Masha had stormed off having lost her hair, exasperated with Sasha. Tanya had asked
Masha to keep her hair on, to no effect. Never mind, she thought and reached for the
half-empty bottle of wine, deciding to try the hair of the dog.
22. Replace the italicized words with synonyms from the vocabulary of the lesson.
1. They stopped in the museum corridor to look at the figure of Yaroslav the Wise.
2. She wants to emigrate, having become totally fed up with her everyday existence. 3.
After the conference ended, one group of delegates decided that it was time to go off
and have fun. 4. The trouble with organizational politics is that it tends to undermine
company strategy. 5. Through habits deeply rooted since childhood, he was eager to
please them. 6. It was a absolutely minute deviation from their original plan. 7. They
couldn’t get to sleep in their hotel room as they kept hearing a group of people partying
in the street outside. 8. Many New Age mystics believe in the essential element of
communication with Mother Nature. 9. The government decided to put off the
introduction of the Bill until the autumn. 10. Although she was asked to be creative in
her work, there were too many limitations placed on her and she didn’t feel truly
effective. 11. He resigned as he felt there was too much insincerity from his boss. 12.
The soldier was horrified when he realised what the initiation rituals were in his new
company. 13. The adjacent positioning of red curtains and mauve wallpaper turned her
stomach. 14. When the new software was installed, there was a slow and painful inbetween period until all the bugs were sorted.
23. Insert one synonym from the following list into each of the following sentences.
There is not always one single, clear-cut answer, but the most commonly used choices
by a native speaker are given in the key.
A to impede, to bar, to prevent, to encumber, to obstruct, to hamper, to handicap,
to stand in someone's way, to inhibit, to restrain, to hinder
1. The police decided to ... the demonstrators from marching into the square. 2. In
Britain it is an offence, punishable by a fine, to ... a public footpath. 3. The explorer was
keen not to let the weight of her backpack ... her progress. 4. Conflicting legislation
across Europe has begun to seriously ... stem cell research. 5. The British medical
Journal stated that it appears that many families of the deceased ... organ transplants. 6.
The landlord of the pub decided to ... the football team from his premises. 7. I was so
grateful that my parents did not ... when I said that I wanted to study at Manchester
University. 8. At horseracing events around the world, one of the jobs of the stewards is
to calculate how much to ... each horse. 9. The chemist added a reagent to ... the violent
reaction. 10. Her brother had to hold her back, to ... her from attacking the
demonstrators. 11. The large number of Customs regulations and taxes were what he
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felt ... him from exporting his production.
A adherent, fan, supporter, follower, disciple, admirer, ally
1. He was a dedicated ... of fashion. 2. The ... of the religious cult pledged to all
commit suicide together during the next full moon. 3. She was a devoted ... of 1970s
punk music and attended convention of like- minded ... regularly. 4. The gallery owner
had cheerfully noted that there were several ... of the Pollock painting he had on display
for sale, who kept coming back to look again at it. 5. The political coalition had still not
been formed, as the four factions couldn’t decide who was their ... and who their
opponent. 6. The group of scientists had distinguished themselves from their colleagues
by being dogmatic ... to the Sorokopud Principle of psychology.
A juxtaposition, comparison, contrast, adjacency, proximity
1. The ... of the tanker to the passenger ferry was causing serious concern to the
harbour-master. 2. The stark ... between the lush oasis and the baking desert caused him
to acutely be aware of the power of nature. 3. The fortunate ... of colours had caused the
design to become unusually appealing. 4. She couldn’t decide between the two pairs of
shoes until she made a literal side-by-side .... 5. One factor that made them choose to
live in that particular village was the close ... of the school and the shops.
24. Insert one of the antonyms to the word “adherent” from the following list:
dropout, renegade, defector, deserter, rebel.
1. The ... troops had advanced to the edge of the village. 2. The young man had
been a ... for years, ever since he had walked out of his university course. 3. Some of the
biggest headlines during the Cold War were when a ... turned up on the opposite side. 4.
The young soldier became а ... when he realized he couldn’t stomach the violence in the
military any longer. 5. The girl decided to become а ... from her parent’s Christian faith
when she decided to convert to Islam.
25. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Дезертирство в армії завжди вважалося найтяжчим злочином. 2.
Перебіжчик і не здогадувався, що його пильнувало декілька агентів служби
безпеки. 3. Повстанці почали активні дії на півдні країни. 4. За співачкою
прихильники її таланту посунули натовпом. 5. Слово “ренегат” часто
зустрічається в контексті політичної історії. 6. Ніхто не очікував, що Тарас вийде
з гри. 7. Дванадцять апостолів були Христовими учнями. 8. Угода між
союзниками у війні проти нацизму була підписана в Ялті. 9. Чи можеш ти мені
назвати хоч одного прихильника твоєї теорії? 10. Футбольні фанати заполонили
вулиці міста. 11. Нестримана поведінка хлопця дратувала Олену все більше і
більше. 12. Ви не маєте права блокувати в’їзд у двір. 13. Запобігти
розповсюдженню інфекції було на даний час найважливішим завданням. 14. Я
забороняю тобі заходити у це приміщення. 15. Всі ці додаткові обставини
ускладнили просування команди вглиб тропічного лісу. 16. Що заважало йому
добитися очікуваного результату, ми так і не зрозуміли. 17. Додаткові речі в
рюкзаку для малого хлопця – непотрібний тягар. 18. “Я не стану у тебе на дорозі”,
– обурився Микола. 19. Препарат пригнічує розвиток шкідливих бактерій у
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кишківнику. 20. Це обтяження було малозрозумілим і нікого не порадувало.
26. Revise the vocabulary of the section by quickly giving Ukrainian equivalents to
the following English words and phrases:
Subject vocabulary
Boisterous, amicable, debauched, tame, unbridled, staid, raunchy, rigid,
spontaneous, hidebound, rowdy, uptight, free-for-all, buttoned-up, disinhibited,
indulgent, hidebound, calendar, ingrained, mundane, tribal, sanitized, nano-, oddlooking, anarchic, conventional, workaday, socially inclined, transitional
rites, remission, an adherent, subculture, an effigy, juxtaposition, dreadlocks, a
fellow, a communion, a convention, an anthropologist, body-piercing, a bonfire, a
mating season, Lent, a fasting period, routine, mealtime, shackles, moderation,
collocation, adjacency, proximity, a disciple, an ally, excess, a dropout, a renegade, a
defector, a deserter, a rebel, inhibition, Goths, New-agers, Maypole
to subvert, to inhibit, to indulge, to let your hair down, to let your guard down, to
obstruct, to encumber, to hinder, to impede, to hamper, to bar, to handicap, to hang in
effigy, to bum in effigy.
27. Reinforce your knowledge of the Vocabulary of the lesson by quickly giving
English equivalents to the following expressions:
Шумливий, розбещений, пасивний, статечний, сексуальний, суворий,
спонтанний, заскнілий, напружений, розгнузданий, анархічний, галасливий,
замкнений, дружелюбний, нестримуваний, поблажливий, буденний, дивного
вигляду, притаманний, світський, племінний, продезинфікований, традиційний,
перехідний
ремісія, обряд гостинності, прихильник, зображення, неформали,
африканські кіски, помірність, похоронний ритуал, гра без правил, член
наукового товариства, травневе дерево, субкультура, церемонія посвяти,
зіставлення, причастя, антрополог, вогнище, шлюбний сезон, великий піст,
заведений порядок, час прийняття їжі, близькість, кайдани, помірність, учень,
союзник, надмірність, перебіжчик, ренегат, готи, дезертир, заколотник,
шанувальник, наступник, залицяльник
підірвати устої, пригнічувати, розслабитися, заважати, запобігати, блокувати,
обтяжувати, стримувати, ставити в невигідні умови, забороняти, перешкоджати,
постувати, потурати.
28. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Різні гілки Християнської церкви відрізняються одна від одної, поміж
іншого, своїми обрядами. 2. Розмови на такі теми стояли на заваді Катерининого
веселого настрою. 3. Передозування цих препаратів може призвести як до
пригноблюючої, так і до стимулюючої дії на центральну нервову систему. 4.
Дівчинка не почувала себе пригніченою, адже знала, що в даному разі батьки та
друзі її зрозуміють. 5. Плетіння африканських кісок тепер пропонується багатьма
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перукарнями. 6. Весняні обряди в часі співпадають з пробудженням природи і з
прадавніх часів були символом єднання людини і природи. 7. Похоронні ритуали
у перших християн дуже відрізнялися від язичеських. 8. Неформали свідомо
порушують норми соціальної поведінки. 9. Представники різних субкультур
мають свої місця збору. 10. Безпосереднє сусідство червоного, синього та
неяскравого жовтого часто використовується сучасними дизайнерами в
оформленні садів. 11. Кателіна вже встигла забути цю подробицю, проходячи
через парадні двері палацу під прикрашеною нішею зі щитом і вишуканими
скульптурними зображеннями мадонни. 12. Територія декількох сіл району була
знезаражена після спалаху курячого грипу. 13. Відсталість світогляду твого
знайомого просто вражає. 14. Правовий бік питання племінних прав та територій
було розглянуто на вчорашньому засіданні. 15. Ситуація навколо групових
інтересів представників однієї з субкультур вимагала негайного обговорення.
16. Буденне життя було не для нашого героя. 17. Облагороджена версія подій була
представлена на розсуд аудиторії. 18. В слов’янському фольклорі мавки завжди
зображаються з розпущеним волоссям. 19. Нелюбов до перелетів глибоко в’їлася
в нього з дитячих років. 20. Лікар поставив діагноз - гастрит в стадії ремісії. 21. Я
не збираюся потурати твоєму бажанню з’їсти півкіло морозива за один раз. 22. Не
розслабляйтеся, поки перемога не буде остаточною. 23. Діяльність, націлена на
підрив конституційного ладу, належить до найтяжчих злочинів. 24. Тимчасове
звільнення з ув’язнення з обов’язковим вчасним поверненням до тюрми
практикується в багатьох країнах Європи. 25. Любов до театру була в його
характері ще з дитинства. 25. Протягом дня, спілкуючись з замовниками та
вирішуючи безліч справ, господиня звичайно розслабитися не могла. 26. Таїнство
причастя – один із важливих релігійних обрядів.
29. Match the following characteristics to words in the second column. Give
Ukrainian equivalents to the names of various subculture and counterculture groups.
Shaved heads, racism, ska music, Dr. Marten’s boots
Leather jackets, fighting, rock and roll music, motorbikes
Flowers, love, soft drugs, long hair, communes, sharing
Torn clothes, body piercing, coloured hair, violent music
Tattoos, alcohol, loud music, long hair, leather, black t-shirt
Pagan religions, pagan ceremonies, Glastonbury, Avalon
Travelling, spacy music, dmgs, anti-establishment
Black romantic clothing, body piercing, big boots, heavy make-up
Goths
New-Agers
Modem
Dmids
Punks
Skinheads
Rockers
Heavy metal
Hippies
30. Guess what subculture the following attributes belong to, and match them to their
Ukrainian equivalents.
Biker’s leather jacket
Quiff
Leathers
берци
ірокез
металеві заклепки “погони”
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Mohican hairstyle
Metal studs for clothing
Epaulettes
Bandana
Rocker chain
Army boots
Wristlet
Spiked or studded collar/choker
Androgynous (both sexes) make-up
Braces (UK)/suspenders (US)
Celtic jewellery
Ankh Patches Safety pins
Body piercing
Peace (symbol)
Anarchy (symbol)
“косуха”
анк
начіс
напульсник
нашийник з шипами/з прорізами
шкіряний байкерскький костюм
готичний макіяж/макіяж Вамп
анархія (символ) бандана
пацифік (символ)
кельтські прикраси
“антигоп”
нашивки
підтяжки
пірсінг
булавки
31. Translate the following text into English using the vocabulary from the above
exercise.
Рокабіли, панки, металісти...
Чому молодь так активно і охоче залучається до неформальних угруповань?
Що являє собою загадкове світло андерграунду? Хто створює його, де і коли він
виникає, чому розвивається чи занепадає? Спробую відповісти якнайцікавіше,
адже це – світ моїх ровесників. Отож знайомтеся: найбільш знакові
представники різноманітних субкультур.
Рокабіли. Неймовірні зачіски, вузькі джинси, різнокольорові чоботи,
пов’язки на шиї – коли бачиш на вулиці або ж на концертах таких людей, то
одразу постають асоціації з Елвісом, п’ятдесятими роками в США,
акробатичними танцями і так далі. Воно й не дивно, адже це – рокабіли. Музику
їхню слухали понад півстоліття тому, слухають і досі. Стиль не мав жодних
обмежень в одязі. Джинсові сорочки поєднувалися з широкими або вузькими
штанами, майками, кольоровими сорочками, шкіряними куртками та темними
окулярами. Черевики могли бути білими, блакитними, чорними. Зараз ця
субкультура - радше угрупування романтиків, котрі не забувають про минуле.
Однак вона існує і примудряється розвиватися. Щороку виникають нові
гурти, котрі грають ту ж стару і добру музику. Тисячі рокабілів по всьому світі
приходять на концерти, щоб знову відчути дух 50-х.
Панки. Британія, 70-ті роки. Молодь у той час знехтувала традиціями,
втратила надію та потроху занурювалася в багно зневіри та песимізму.
Матеріальних благ – більше, ніж достатньо, проте в молодих людей не було
бажання ними користуватися. Це й стало головною причиною панк-бунту. В
шкіряних куртках та розідраних джинсах, скріплених великою кількістю
шпильок, із поголеними головами, скронями або довгим волоссям та ірокезами,
панки окупували вулиці, паби і кав’ярні.
Їхня мода відрізняється екстравагантністю та креативом. Вони одягаються
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так, щоб шокувати навіть зовнішнім виглядом. Хрестоматійні атрибути в одязі
панка - “косуха” (шкіряна куртка з багатьми металевими заклепками, “погонами”,
блискавками на руках, гострим коміром), бандана, подрані джинси, “антигоп”
(товстий довгий ланцюг, який носять на стегні та використовують як зброю в
бійках). На ногах у панка шкіряні чоботи з металевою вставкою на носку та 24-х
дірковою шнурівкою або берци (щось на зразок армійських ботфортів). Нині
панки віддають перевагу лише епатажним зовнішнім атрибутам.
Металісти – неформали, котрі зазнають насолоди від “важкої” музики та
виражають це зовнішністю. Носять, як і панки, “косухи”, різноманітний чорний
шкіряний одяг плюс метал, ланцюги, напульсники, масивне взуття тощо.
Хіпі – завжди веселі, розслаблені, неконфліктні, одягнені недбало в просторі
речі всіх кольорів веселки одночасно, обвішані найрізноманітнішими прикрасами,
найчастіше ручної роботи. Не дуже полюбляють пити, але охоче “забивають
косяки”. Хіпі – поети і музиканти. Дотримуються принципів всесвітнього
кохання, дружби, пацифізму та... гультяйства.
Скінхеди – націонілістична неофашистська субкультура. Молоді люди із
поголеними головами, які вважають себе справжніми патріотами та прагнуть
“очистити країну від покидьків”. Всередині організації дотримуються “військової
дисципліни” та беззаперечно підкоряються старшому, позбавляючи себе права
бути вільною, неповторною індивідуальністю. Головна вимога до молодого
скінхеда – вміння битися. Весь їхній гардероб: вузькі штани, підтяжки, картаті
сорочки із комірцями на гудзиках, начищені важкі черевики. Скінхеди
користуються загальною антипатією серед неформальних течій. Вони ходять
натовпом, натовпом нападають або точніше - зграєю. Зграєю шакалів чи гієн.
Готи. Мають власний імідж – тотально чорний колір одягу (іноді з
елементами червоного), носять лише срібло (як ознаку зневаги до золота –
символа стандартних, примітивних цінностей, кольору тупості та безглуздо
пролитої людської крові. У готів яскраво-промовистий стиль Вамп – важка чорна
косметика, спектр якої – від яскраво-червоного до чорного. Усе різке, сексуальне
та суворе. Чорний колір та срібло – єдині два елементи, спільні для зовсім різних
людей, які називають себе готами.
Суперечливий стиль життя готи обирають тому, що для них характерне
поєднання непоєднуваного: сарказму та романтизму, іронічного ставлення до
життя та глибокої віри в правду і чисті емоції, чорний гумор, поєднання
сексуальності та суворості в образі.
І це ще далеко не все... Тоді цілком логічно виникає наступне запитання: де
така кількість неформальної молоді знаходить місце для спілкування та
відпочинку?! І знову відповідь можна знайти в самій назві “андерграунд”, а саме –
під землею. Перехід на Майдані Незалежності, який у народі зветься просто
“труба”, відомий усім. Тут можна зустріти кого завгодно: починаючи від вільних
неформальних індивідуалістів, піонерів, хто провів у “трубі” менше п’яти років та
закінчуючи олдами, охоронцями спокою та традицій Майдану. “Труба” має статус
нейтральної зони, де кожному неформалу, незважаючи на те, до якою течії він
належить, гарантується недоторканість; також тут заборонені з’ясування
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стосунків між різноманітними формаціями. Дехто впевнений, що андерграунд
поступово відімре. Із цим я навряд чи погоджуся! Адже молоді в усі часи був
властивий протест проти аморфного способу життя.
(Скорочено за статтею А. Самошиноїз газети “Молодь України’’)
Test your knowledge of English!
A “cagoule” is?
a. a loose smock b. a kind of conifer c. an evergreen bush d. a thin waterproof
garment
The American zip code is known in the UK as the ?
a. Highway Code b. button sewing procedure c. Newton’s Laws of Motion
d. postcode
If you’re prone to tilt at windmills (from Cervantes’ Don Quixote) you?
a. take reckless chances b. run blindly c. upset everyone d. attack imaginary
enemies
A slow-worm is?
a. a kind of lizard b. a slow-witted person c. a slow-moving person d. a fish
If you barely escape, you escape by the skin of your ... what?
a. hair b. feet c. teeth d. arm
LISTENING AND SPEAKING. VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. Look through the following comments before listening to the dialogues:
Comments
1. Rally, n. A gathering of enthusiasts. Зліт.
2. To be into something. To be an enthusiast of, to especially enjoy something.
Любити робити щось.
3. Boozing, colloq. Drinking alcohol – пиятика.
4. Pillion, n. A seat behind the driver on a motorbike. Заднє сидіння на
мотоциклі.
5. Leathers, п., pl. When used in the plural, a term for the components of an outfit
made of leather. Байкерський костюм.
6. Clubbing, gerund. Recreation by visiting one or a series of nightclubs.
Відвідування нічних клубів.
7. To do, colloq. Here this phrase means ‘to visit, see the sights of, or attend
an event or exhibition’. Відвідати, оглянути, поїхати на (курорт).
8. Do what? colloq. A contemporary expression of surprise. Що mu кажеш?!
9. To get together. Here this phrase means ‘to organize’. Організувати
(поїздку).
2. Listen to the recording of Dialogue 1 for the first time and try answering the
following questions:
• Where does the conversation take place?
• What is the subject matter of the conversation?
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• Do Roger and Zhenya agree on what the bikers are doing there? What are their
suggestions on this?
Dialogue 1: Biker Club
Sasha: Well, we’re here at the castle car park but it’ll take us hours to get in.
Zhenya: There must be 50 or more bikers queuing to get in. Do you think it’s a
rally or something?
Roger: No, a lot of them go to attractions like this, and if you look at their number
plates they’re German.
S: Now you’ve really lost me - why Germans?
R: They’re obviously a group touring around Europe - a lot of Biker Clubs do that.
Z: I always thought they were all Rockers, into boozing and fighting.
R: Not these – they’re mostly the second-childhood bikers who want to recapture
their youth after their kids grow up.
S: I can see from here that most of them are my parents’ age.
R: There’s another clue in that there are almost no pillion passengers – they’re
almost all on their own bikes, male or female.
Z: I can really imagine my mum in leathers biking around Europe.
3. Listen to the same recording for the second time and answer some specific
questions:
• How many bikers were there at the castle car park?
• What country were they from? Did they travel far?
• What was the average age of the bikers discussed? Were there any female bikers
among them?
• Why did this group choose such way of travelling – on motorbikes?
• What were the attitudes of the participants in the conversation as to the
characters of the bikers?
• What was the instance of humour in the dialogue?
4. Listen to Dialogue 2 for the first time and try to decide:
• what the subject matter of the conversation is.
• whether Kate and Andy are heading to the same destination for summer. Do their
ideas of a perfect holiday coincide?
• what the bottom line of the conversation as expressed by Roman was.
Dialogue 2: On Holiday
Kate: Clubbing – that’s what I dream about all year, planning my holidays.
Andy: So where are you and your mates going this summer?
K: It was Tenerife last year – thought we might do Ibiza this year.
Roman: Are there more clubs than in Kyiv there?
K: Do what? There are masses of huge clubs, cheap booze and all 24-hour.
A: Not my style. I’m trying to get together a trip to the Red Sea to go snorkelling
in the coral reefs.
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R: I’ve never done that – isn’t it dangerous? Sharks and poisonous fish and stuff?
K: Only dangerous if I’m on a jet-ski heading your way, mate.
R: So both of you are doing the typical European tourist thing of heading to the sea
for your holidays then?
A: That’s right. Nice cheap charter flights, cheap hotels, the sea, sun and beaches.
R: So the British seaside holiday lives on, even if it’s in exotic locations around the
world.
5. Listen to the same dialogue again focusing on the following specific points:
• What seaside resorts did Kate visit the previous years?
• Which one of the participants in the conversation did not explain his or her plans
for the summer?
• What information do we learn about the seaside resort Kate is planning to go to?
• What kind of summer holiday is described as typical for European tourists in the
conversation?
6. Practice the reading of the dialogues. Translate the dialogues as best as you can.
Present the dialogues in class close to the text.
7. Insert prepositions or adverbs where necessary into the following phrases using the
Ukrainian words as prompts.
... leathers
... a bike
to be ... an age
to be ... boozing and fighting
to tour ... Europe
to get...
... exotic locations
to live ...
to get ... a trip
to swim ... the coral reefs
to head ... one’s way
to head ... the sea
в байкерському костюмі
на мотоциклі
бути певного віку
любити пиячити та битися
подорожувати Європою
зайти всередину
на екзотичних курортах
жити далі
організувати поїздку
плавати серед коралових рифів
прямувати в чийсь бік
їхати на море
8. Give synonyms from the dialogues to the following words and expressions:
to move towards somebody, to continue to live, in an unusual place, to go to a sea
resort, to organize a trip, to spend time in clubs, a friend, alcoholic drinks, to enter, a
gathering, to confuse somebody, to especially enjoy something, a biker’s outfit
9. Make sure you can quickly give English equivalents to the following words and
expressions:
рифи, морський курорт, зліт байкерів, байкерський костюм, бути в чиємусь
стилі, продовжувати існувати, заднє сидіння автомобіля, чартерний переліт,
підказ, оглянути щось, заплутати когось, бути певного віку, полюбляти робити
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щось, подорожувати Європою, на екзотичних курортах, організувати поїздку,
прямувати в чийсь бік, їхати на море, відпочинок на морі, їздити на мотоциклі,
знову відчути себе молодим, номерний знак, що ти кажеш?
10. Translate the following sentences into English using the vocabulary of the unit.
1. Ти не боїшся плавати серед коралових рифів, де можна зустріти акулу,
отруйних риб і таке інше? 2. Ірина з’явилася у дворі на мотоциклі в байкерському
костюмі і шоломі. – Що ти кажеш? 3. Типовий відпочинок для британців влітку –
це морський курорт на Середземному морі, Карібах або в інших екзотичних
місцях. 4. То куди ти прямуєш цього літа? На море? В гори? Ти вже підготувався?
5. Він страшенно полюбляє екстремальні види спорту: просто жити без цього не
може. 6. Доріс не переставав хвилювати весь той алкоголь, який її новий
знайомий пив пляшка за пляшкою. 7. Пам’ять про своїх національних героїв
продовжує жити в серцях шотландців. 8. Ти мене повністю заплутав. Поясни ще
раз. 9. Декілька днів тому відбувся традиційний зліт байкерів. 10. І скільки, ти
думаєш, нам доведеться стояти в черзі, аби зайти всередину? 11. Ну як справи,
друзі? 12. Цього разу ми вирішили подорожувати Європою на власному
автомобілі. 13. На курорті Оленка знайшла собі друзів свого віку. 14. Тур включає
дешевий чартерний переліт, готель та трансфер. 15. Я поїду в Крим на власному
мотоциклі: сидіти позаду не для мене. 16. Так в чому підказ? Я так і не зрозумів.
17. Такий відпочинок не в моєму стилі. Я їду на мінеральні води. 18. Американці
намагаються кожного разу відвідати нову країну.
11. Working in groups of three discuss one of the following themes, make your
conclusions and present these to the other groups:
a) Christian and pagan holidays: how much do they have in common?
b) European cuisine: is there any such thing?
c) Contemporary English cuisine: is it really English?
d) Students’ holidays: the opportunity to let your hair down.
12. Hold a round table discussion on one of the following topics:
a) English and Ukrainian cuisines compared and contrasted.
b) Alternative cultures: what are the pros and cons?
c) Subcultures: their gatherings and festivals in England and Ukraine.
d) Your summer holidays as an alternative reality.
Test your knowledge of English!
Pie in the sky is?
a. wishful thinking b. a missed breakfast c. a surprise d. something very unlikely
If your American friend tells you he’s the 800-pound gorilla, it means he’s..?
a. fat b. ugly c. looking for a fight d. the most important person in a group
Something which is a cakewalk is..?
a. slippery b. fashionable c. an easy task d. a dessert
Something which is going great guns is..?
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a. about to explode b. doing well c. warlike d. great entertainment
You’re told you’re looking sharp. This means that..?
a. you’re clever b. you’re looking irritated c. you’re being sarcastic d. you’re welldressed
GRAMMAR
1. Define the modal meaning of the sentences in the first column choosing from the
following list: possibility, probability, certainty, impossibility, permission, obligation,
prohibition, necessity. To facilitate the task match the sentences in the first column to
the sentences from the second column with the same meaning. What are the means of
expressing modality in the first and second columns?
a) After all, Kate might be considered
pretty, but this does not alter anything.
b) Kate might have received my e-mail
long ago.
c) Kate must be an excellent student.
d) It can’t be true!
e) You may smoke in here.
f) It’s Kate who must do it: it’s her
responsibility.
g) Kate can’t really do that if she follows
orders.
h) There has to be a mistake.
1) You are allowed to smoke in here.
2) Kate certainly is an excellent student.
3) Evidently, there is an error.
4) Kate is forbidden to do that according
to her orders.
5) Kate had probably received my e-mail
long ago.
6) It is possible that many con-sider Kate
pretty, but this does not change anything.
7) It’s just not possible for this to be true!
8) Kate is obliged to do it: it’s her
responsibility.
2. Paraphrase the following sentences containing modal phrases and marginal
modals into sentences with modal verbs.
1. It’s possible to find any colour of shoes today in Kyiv. 2. It’s probable that we’ll
be late for the start of the performance. 3. Do you think that it’s important for us to take
a bunch of flowers with us? 4. І feel it’s necessary to print off a copy in preparation for
the meeting. 5. It’s compulsory in most countries to wear a seatbelt when sitting in any
passenger seat in a car. 6. Am I supposed to remember everything? 6. He managed to
forget that it was Valentine’s Day, again. 7. You are obliged to have a copy of the
textbook for this course. 8. Are you empowered to take this responsibility? 9. You are
not allowed to walk on the grass in some parks. 10. He was not to get out of bed for at
least a week in order to aid his recovery. 11. Do you really have to sit in front of the
television with a bottle of beer every single evening? 12. He was not going to find it
easy to acclimatize to the thin air in the Himalayas. 13. We could not believe Tom was
about to dive into the sea from that high cliff. 14. By the end of the month she was able
to swim confidently.
3. Form as many sentences as possible using different means to express possibility
and impossibility. Comment on these and the shades of meaning in each case. Use
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words and phrases from the list below.
Maybe, perhaps, no way, it is possible/impossible, there’s a chance that.
Example: He might turn up tonight. Maybe he’ll turn up tonight. There’s a chance
that he turns up tonight. It’s just possible that he turns up tonight.
1. Could it be that she’ll finish the course? 2. He can’t still be alive after that
explosion. 3. She may find it soon. 4. He can’t climb Everest without an oxygen mask
for the last stage. 5. He may behave like a real grown-up for a change in front of his
parents. 6. We may find the DVD we’re searching for in this next shop. 7. Can’t you
shut up for five minutes? 8. Can we get there on time next week for the first time ever?
9. It seems that we may not win the League Championship this season. 10. That’ll be
the postman now.
4. Translate into English.
1. Цього просто не може бути. 2. В Британії чи Америці ви можете майже
скрізь розрахуватися кредитною карткою. 3. Може, він і не запізниться в театр
цього разу, але я в цьому непевна. 4. Завжди є можливість пошукати додаткову
інформацію в Інтернеті. 5. Аж ніяк неможливо встигнути доїхати до музею до
його закриття. 6. Ви не можете не знати символів, які асоціюються з Паскою з
прадавніх часів. 7. Встановити особу злочинця тривалий час було неможливо. 8.
На наших луках ви знайдете розмаїття диких квітів та трав. 9. Заходи на страсну
п’ятницю в Англії можуть включати ярмарки античних речей та виробів
ремісників, показові лицарські турніри та стрільбу з лука.
5. Form as many sentences as possible using different means to express
certainty/uncertainty, probability. Comment on these and the shades of meaning in
each case. Use words and phrases from the list below.
Certainly, of course, indeed, surely, obviously, definitely, without a doubt,
probably, perhaps, may be, possibly; it’s possible/impossible that, to be certain to do
something, to be sure to do something, likely/unlikely to, I doubt that, it seems that, to
tell the truth, I can assure you.
Example: You can’t get those jeans on. Surely you will not get those
jeans on. There’s no way you’ll get those jeans on.
1. You will pass this exam. 2. He must come to our party tomorrow. 3. The dog
can’t pick up the scent of the escaped convict so soon. 4. He can’t win first prize, he’s
too far behind now. 5. She will wear contact lenses to the party. 6. She will not wear
high heels for this long walking excursion around Rome. 7. The escaped convict can’t
be at liberty for much longer. 8. She will take the last cake on the plate. 9. This should
be his summer cottage. 10. She could become a Prime-Minister one day. 11. I shall
definitely give up smoking this year. 12. We shall win!
6. Translate the following English sentences with compound modal predicates into
Ukrainian using parenthetical Ukrainian words from Ex. 7.
1. The laboratory tests must have failed. 2. This rule must be immensely important
for him, otherwise he would not have stuck to it so much. 3. The difference between the
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two approaches must be insignificant. 4. She must have finished her gardening for
today, as I can’t see any garden tools around. 5. It may be helpful to substantiate your
answer with some examples. 6. We may have to agree with your point of view
eventually. 7. They may have to walk all that distance up the hill in the end. 8. He may
have failed his exam in Russian in June, but will definitely pass the re-sit in September.
9. He could have obtained such results in crossbreeding, but may not be credited for it
after all. 10. The achievements of animal rescue in Australia could hardly be called
trivial. 11. Obviously, those superstitions could have been commented on. 12. The
British would not be the only nation whose traditions are thousands of years old.
7. Translate into English the following parenthetical words and expressions that may
convey modal meanings of certainty/uncertainty:
Безумовно, безперечно, звісно, звичайно, справді, само собою зрозуміло,
щоправда, розуміється, певна річ, ясна річ, правду кажучи, признатися, ніде
правди діти, смію запевнити, слово честі, я певен, бува, мабуть, може, очевидно,
здається, ймовірно, можна сказати, треба гадати, припустімо, сподіваюся.
8. Translate the following sentences into English paying especial attention to the
translation of parenthetical words with the meaning of probability or certainty. If not
sure about the meaning of the Ukrainian parenthetical words, replace them with
synonyms, as shown in the first sentence. Where possible, use other means to express
modality.
1. Видно (мабуть), було вже пізно, бо ніде по хатах не світилося. (Панас
Мирний) 2. По вулиці йду і, здається, уперше розплющив я очі на світ.
(О. Під суха) 3. Здавалось, загримів десь на небі грім. (С. Васильченко) 4. В неволі
тяжко, хоча й волі, сказать по правді, не було. (Т. Шевченко) 5. Справді, добре
сміється той, хто сміється останній. 6. Поїдемо, певно, човном, коли море буде
таке тихе, як нині. (М. Коцюбинський) 7. Звичайно, вовкулаки – це химери.
(М. Рильський) 8. Мабуть, ніщо так не радує зір, як зримий результат роботи
(Ю. Мушкетик) 9. Мабуть, то й буде ідеальне суспільство майбутнього, коли
потребою для кожної людини стане робити для іншої тільки щось добре, приємне,
корисне, може, навіть самопожертовне (О. Гончар) 10. Справді, краще в ріднім
краю хоч і кості положить, ніж в чужині в супокою, хоч би й в достатку, жить.
(І. Франко) 11. Трудно розказати, для чого нам потрібна мрія і що вона таке, та,
певне, в світі ніхто живий без мрії не прожив (Леся Українка) 12. Здається, гори
перевертав би і не чув би втоми (М. Коцюбинський) 13. Може, ви чули, як пахне
земля? (Т. Масенко) 14. Буває, часом сліпну від краси. (Л. Костенко)
9. Form as many sentences as possible using different means to express
permission and prohibition not forgetting about imperative mood and nominal
sentences. Comment on these and the shades of meaning in each case. Also use words
and phrases from the list below.
To be allowed to, to be permitted to, to be prohibited, to be going to, to be to, to be
supposed to, it’s all right if...
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Example: You can’t walk on the grass. You shouldn’t walk on the grass. Don’t
walk on the grass. You are not allowed to walk on the grass. No walking on the grass.
You are not to walk on the grass. Do not walk on the grass.
1. You must not smoke in this restaurant. 2. You may eat your sandwiches between
13.00 and 13.45. 3. You shouldn’t steal a copy of the textbook from the library. 4. You
might get up and leave now. 5. May he come and visit me? 6. You must not covet your
neighbour’s ox. (Bible) 7. You should not go to Central Africa without any
vaccinations. 8. You should pick up your pen and start writing now.
10. Translate into English.
1. Можеш мені нічого не говорити, я й так все сама знаю. 2. Вам категорично
забороняється палити та вживати алкоголь. 3. Не смітити. 4. Тобі не дозволяється
повертатися додому пізніше одинадцятої. 5. Можна поставити тобі одне
запитання? 6. Можеш вийти на перерву після того, як відішлеш цей факс. 7.
Можна, я подивлюсь цю програму про тварин на цифровому телебаченні? 8.
Фарбування пасхальних яєць дуже відповідальна справа. Ти не можеш цього
робити, якщо не вмієш. 9. Можете вже збиратися в дорогу прямо зараз. 10. Не
можна викидати +сміття через вікно автомобіля.
11. Form as many sentences as possible using different means to express
necessity and obligation. Comment on these and the shades of meaning in each case.
Also use words and phrases from the list below.
To be sure, definitely, to be obliged to, to be supposed to, it’s necessary to, it’s
compulsory to, it's important to, to have to, to have no choice.
Example: He needs to travel back in time to correct such a terrible blunder.
It’s necessary that he travels back in time to correct such a terrible blunder.
Definitely he has to travel back in time to correct such a terrible blunder.
1. She needs to visit her grandmother at Easter. 2. He should tie his shoelace before
he falls over. 3. She should buy her father a box of chocolates on his birthday. 4. He
ought to write this essay well if he wants to pass the course. 5. She’s got to wear warm
clothes when she goes to Lapland on holiday. 6. She has to say hello every day to the
car park attendant if she wants to always have a parking space. 7. He must clear his
head of the hangover before the exam. 8. I should have let you know I was coming.
12. Translate into English using different means to express modality.
1. Можна тебе щось спитати про історію Різдва? 2. Він абсолютно точно
завітає до нас подивитися на ялинку. 3. Ти не повинен робити цього: тебе
неправильно зрозуміють. 4. Мабуть, найсерйознішим конкурентом християнству
в першому столітті нашої ери був культ іранського бога Мітри. 5. Можливо,
англійська назва Паски походить від імени англо-саксонської богині Еостри. 6.
Абсолютно неможливо, щоб він таке міг сказати. 7. Пасхальні яйця абсолютно
точно мають глибоке символічне значення. 8. Можливо, одним із найяскравіших
моментів в англійській історії, які залишили слід в головах і душах британців, був
невдалий заколот проти короля Джеймса І та спроба висадити англійський
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парламент в повітря. 9. Очевидно, заколотники- католіки сподівалися, що
заворушення після вибуху допоможе їм захопити владу в країні. 10. Протягом
середніх віків злочинців, яких необхідно було стратити публічно, або спалювали
на вогнищі або вішали. 11. Американці абсолютно точно зв’язують День матері з
іменем Анни Джарвіс, яка відзначила річницю смерті своєї матері в 1908 році в
одній із методистських церков. 12. Хлопець, з яким я зустрівся в пабі, - це
міфічний персонаж, особу якого встановити ніколи не вдається. 13. Свято
Першого травня, очевидно, походить в Британії від ритуалів язичеських жерців
друїдів. 14. Можете вже зачинити вікно - в кімнаті стало доволі прохолодно. 15.
Насправді, тут не можна палити. 16. Вся ця історія видається абсолютно
неможливою. 17. Абсолютно точно, історія християнських свят сягає
дохристиянського періоду. 18. Потрібно було зайнятися цим дослідженням
набагато раніше. 19. Довелося переробляти переклад багато разів. 20. Певно, я
залишив гаманця удома. Що ж мені тепер робити?
13. Analyze the following sentences conveying desirability or nondesirability
(sometimes mixed with other shades of meanings) and define lexical, grammatical or
combined means, which were used for this рифове. Consider the following options:
modal verbs, verbs in subjunctive mood, set phrases, parenthetical modal words, etc.
or combination of those.
1. I wish I knew what makes people successful. 2. I wish I could have that week’s
holiday with you. 3. I wish she hadn’t sent me that unpleasant note. 4. We don’t want
General Motors going bankrupt because of the number of jobs in their factories here. 5.
“I long earnestly to be reconciled to you now, aunt” (Bronte). 6. I wouldn’t want either
of us to feel there was something we couldn’t say to each other. 7. Be it known to all,
that I, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, being duly elected, wish ... 8. Have a nice time in
London. 9. I’ll go to help him as soon as I can, and you lot can go to hell, the whole lot
of you. 10. Let this be a lesson to us. 11. Might this little book contribute something
toward arousing interest in this important question. 12. I’d like to congratulate you on
your promotion. 13. Would that all women were like you! (M.Spark) 14. I’d rather you
arrived a bit earlier, really, if you can. 15. I’d like to get my hands on just one of those
vandals. 16. If only you knew how much I worried when you were so ill in hospital. 17.
God damn that Cuban bastard. (Hemingway). 18. To hell with that radical bastard.
(Hemingway). 18. Down with the government! Up with miners’ rights! 19. May God
forgive you! 20. Happy birthday! 21. Bless you! 22. Good luck! 23. May you be in
heaven for half an hour before the Devil realizes you’ve died! (Irish toast) 24. Damn
them all! 25. Long live the King!
14. Translate into English.
1. Якби я тільки знав, хто цей мерзотник. 2. Краще б ти перепочила перед
тим, як починати готувати святкову вечерю. 3. Краще б вона цього не робила, але
зупинити її вже неможливо. 4. Наші вам найкращі побажання з Новим роком і
Різдвом Христовим! 5. Нехай ці свята запам’ятаються вам надовго! 6. Я би не
хотів образити господиню, знехтувавши місцевими звичаями. 7. Ми не бажаємо
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так швидко повертатися додому з весілля. 8. Я прагну весни, веселощів, щастя! 9.
Веселих вам канікул! 10. Я б не хотів через тебе пропустити фестиваль історії на
ці вихідні у замку. 11. До чорта з твоїми забобонами, я вже від них втомилася! 12.
Геть корумпований уряд! 13. Хай живе в віках величних подвиг захисників
Вітчизни! 13. Хай тебе Бог береже! 14. Хай щастить! 15. Хай їм трясця! 16.
Благословенний будь, мій рідний краю! (Д. Павличко). 17. Хай так і буде!
15. Translate the following sentences paying especial attention to the italicized
adverbs that are often used to emphasize modal verbs and expressions in both the
present and past tenses:
1. You might be just the person I was looking for. 2. You could easily have been
wounded. 3. I might well decide to come. 4. He could not even stand still, let alone keep
his mouth shut. 5. She obviously must have left. 6. You couldn’t really have managed
without me. 7. She could hardly have caught cold yesterday as she was dressed up
warmly. 8. It is scarcely possible to act otherwise.
16. Translate into English the following text.
З історії англійської національної кухні
Чому в традиціях народу національна кухня займає таке важливе місце?
Очевидно, доцільним тут буде згадати максиму про те, що кожна людина являє
собою те, що вона їсть. Без сумніву, можна довести, що британське суспільство в
наш час є набагато більш космополітичним, ніж воно було протягом багатьох
століть, незважаючи на те, що Велика Британія мала колонії з XVI-ro століття.
Ймовірно, із зменшенням числа британських колоній, все більше й більше
британці почали поціновувати їхню культуру і кухню, зокрема.
Ніде правди діти, власне англійську кухню давно звинувачували в тому, що
вона прісна й нецікава. Можна сказати, що найвищим її кулінарним досягненням
протягом віків був ростбіф, тобто запечена яловичина, чому власне французи й
прозвали англійців “біфітерами”. Зберегли цю назву й гвардійці лондонського Тау
ера, зображені на етикетках джину з аналогічною назвою. Треба визнати, що не
зважаючи на наявність тисячів ресторанів в Нью-Йорку, які пропонують кухні 180
країн світу, кажуть, жоден з них не пропонує виключно англійські страви.
Бруква, пастернак та ріпа були, без сумніву, основними продуктами
харчування протягом Середніх віків, а тому зрозуміло, чому англійцям так
сподобалась картопля, яку завезли з Нового Світу.
Варена яловичина з морквою та склянкою джина доповнювали меню в
святкові дні. Правду кажучи, небагато змін відбувалося аж до кінця Другої
світової війни. Хоча Велика Британія була центром торгівлі спеціями, традиційно
використовувались лише сіль та перець, а часник зневажався більшістю населення
аж до гастрономічної революції 60-х років минулого століття.
Ніде правди діти, курка на столі під час коронації Єлизавети II викликала
скандал, бо була приправлена незначною кількістю індійських спецій. Імбирний
напій та цукерки з лімети з шоколадною начинкою треба вважати також
англійською “екзотикою”.
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Серед класичних блюд для гурманів хотілося б назвати оленину, палтус,
фазана та форель. Абсолютно точно, найбільш езотеричним блюдом є смажений
лебідь, заборонений до вживання всім, крім королівської родини та професорів
Оксфордського та Кембріджського університетів. Британські смажені ковбаски
також вважаються такими, що мають унікальний смак завдяки перцю та злаковим
добавкам, що не завжди подобається туристам. Безперечно, це далеко не повний
перелік англійської “класики”, який можна було б продовжувати та
продовжувати...
WRITING
Summary Report When a large amount of information needs to be summarised,
then a shortened text frequently needs to be produced to summarise the points, issues
and conclusions of the report. This is formalised in academic writing, where there are
strict rules relating to abstracts and how they appear, but there are also conventions that
apply to a range of reports. Most of these are in Business English, where a senior
manager needs to read quickly a summary of work by subordinates, and they include
activity reports, sales reports, business plans or business proposals, for example.
However, summary reports are also needed in any organizational or management
hierarchy, for filtering information as it passes upwards. As a result, the terminology is
that of management, with any jargon being decided by the area of activity of the
organization (education, business, government, etc.).
A summary report may be one or even two pages in length (depending on the size
of style” – a format modified to the particular organisation. For example, the UK Civil
Service has very detailed rules and guidelines as to how this should be done. However,
many general rules apply:
1) As in many styles of writing, the summary should state its objectives, describe
the details and then give a conclusion at the end.
2) It does not justify facts or opinions - merely lists them. The supporting evidence
will be in the main report.
3) The key points should refer to the chapters or sections from which they are
taken. This allows the reader to easily find detail when it is wanted.
4) Each sentence needs to be short and precise. The objective of the summary is to
provide condensed information and long, convoluted sentences and grammar defeat the
objective.
1. Analyse the following example of a summary report, that uses a human resources
topic relevant to a university, a business, a Ministry or any formally structured large
body. Explain how the general rules of writing a summary report were applied in this
particular case.
Summarized scope of the report on Project 1234.
The report was written by a team selected from the Human Resources Department
at Head Office. It analyzed the feasibility of whether the reorganization of the whole
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organization should take place or not. Should it be decided that the reorganization
should take place, then three options for a new structure were studied.
The overall purpose of the study was to decide whether significant cost savings on
employee overheads could be made, in relation to the potential reduction in services
available from the organization.
Chapter one lists the organization charts, the current job specifications, the key
tasks for each team and sub-unit, and the current range of services offered by the
organization.
Chapter two studies the overlaps between functions and concludes that some 12 %
of the workforce may be downsized with no reduction in the services offered.
Chapter three compares and contrasts i) a simple downsizing by 12 % across the
board, ii) a geographical reorganization that hides much of the decrease in staffing of up
to 11 %, both internally and externally, and iii) a functional reorganization that involves
job re-design and re-engineering, while reducing staff levels by some 14 % in total.
Chapter four describes the anticipated effects of each option.
• Option one is expected to cause demotivation and political problems, while
saving some 15 % on total wage and overhead expenditure.
• Option two has far less political impact but the costs of necessary relocation
result in some 8 % savings on total wage and overhead expenditure.
• Option three will take longer to implement, result in some 11 % savings on total
wage and overhead expenditure, but is expected to increase productivity by up to 10 %.
The conclusions strongly recommend option three as the correct way forward and
believe that the re-design process should start immediately.
2. Write a summary report of any non-fiction book you recently read, keeping in mind
the rules of writing such types of text.
LINGUISTS’ HEADACHES
Cuisine is full of words relating to the food itself, but the ways in which it’s
cooked and served vary greatly from culture to culture. As a result, many concepts are
fundamentally different.
For example, in European countries, a large percentage of food is grilled
(смажити на грилі). This means that the food is placed on a grill (решітка / гриль) in a
pan and heated from above, by electricity or gas, so that the fat drains away into the pan.
The food remains on the grill, without much of the fat. This contrasts with a)
frying (смаження), where food retains all its fat, and b) barbecuing (готувати на грилі
над вугіллям), where food on a grill is cooked from below by hot charcoal.
To make grilling more convenient, many cookers in Europe are sold with the grill
above the hob, the picture right showing such a cooker with an “eye-level grill”.
All cookers imported from Europe into Ukraine have grills as a standard function,
but are never supplied with grill pans, ft is almost impossible to buy a grill pan in
Ukraine and the importers and distributors claim that “there is no need, as nobody grills
food in Ukraine”. This is basically true.
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Task: translate the following sentences:
1. Susie went into the kitchen and grilled two sausages, some bacon and a tomato,
which she ate with a fried egg for breakfast.
2. We decided to have grilled pork chops for lunch.
3. After he got the results of his cholestorol tests, Jamie decided to stick rigorously
to a grilled diet and avoid all fried food.
4. Нехай це м’ясо побуде на грилі ще десять хвилин, потім вимкни духовку.
5. Ми готуємо шашлик на решітці на готовому вугіллі, а наш сусіда на
дровах.
6. Жарене м’ясо та риба не так корисні для здоров’я, як ті, що приготовані на
грилі.
7. Ми з нетерпінням чекали гарної погоди, щоб поїхати на барбекю.
8. М’ясо зажариться на грилі швидко, дивись, щоб воно не згоріло.
Many European countries have stew (тушковане м’ясо та/або овочі) as common
way of eating fish or meat with vegetables, which are cooked slowly together in a
closed vessel with liquids. This means that the dish is neither dry nor a soup, and
historically, a highly effective way of making dull vegetables and poor cuts of meat or
fish, tender and tasty.
If fish, fruit, eggs or vegetables are cooked slowly on a pan with liquid, then they
are poached (варити будь-що на повільному вогні, варити яйця без шкарлупки в
окропі), while any food cooked like this in a sealed vessel is braised (тушкувати).
The English language uses “stew” as a generic name, but has adopted many other
names from other languages and cultures to define specific forms of stew. For example,
goulash (гуляш) is meat stew cooked with large quantities of paprika, named after the
Hungarian dish. Curry (каррі) is a highly spiced stew of meat, fish or just vegetables,
named after the Indian mixture of spices used. Ragout (рагу) is highly seasoned meat
cut into very small pieces and stewed with vegetables.
If a stew is very liquid, it becomes a soup (суп). Some Northern European
countries have such thick soups with chunks of meat that Southern European Countries
think of them as stews. In England, a soup tends to be a liquid dish
with pureed (or creamed) vegetables (суп-mope), with or without meat or fish.
However, a clear soup is usually called a consommé (консоме) or bouillon (бульйон),
from the French, although categorized as a soup.
Task: translate into Ukrainian:
1. The artist, Andy Warhol, was fascinated by Campbell’s Cream of Tomato soup
and often used images of the soup can’s design in his art, throughout his career.
2. We made a stew from mutton with a wide selection of vegetables.
3. Lesya couldn’t eat goulash as she was allergic to hot peppers.
4. While recovering from her illness, she ate little more than clear soup.
5. Having become bored with fried eggs, scrambled eggs and omelettes for
breakfast, we had poached eggs in the hotel we stayed at on holiday.
6. After the day sightseeing, we ate in a restaurant and I had some wonderful
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braised venison.
7. After an evening in the pub, many British people like to go for a curry.
8. He sat stewing in the waiting room, while the mechanics seemed to spend
forever mending his car.
Task: translate into English:
1. З супів-пюре я надаю перевагу супу з цвітної капусти з сухариками.
2. Коли будемо в Європі, треба обов ’язково спробувати яйця, зварені без
шкаралупи.
3. Тушковане м’ясо з овочами – традиційне англійське блюдо.
4. Хвилювання не покидало його вже декілька годин.
5. Ми хотіли знайти ресторан, де подають тушковану дичину.
6. Прозорі супи в У країні користуються більшою популярністю, ніж супипюре.
7. Не роби суп дуже густим, я такий не люблю.
8. Тарілка консоме – це саме те, що треба скуштувати у Франції.
9. Хочеш щойно звареного курячого бульйону?
10. Тушковані блюда дуже корисні, адже в них не так багато жиру.
DEVELOPING TRANSLATION SKILLS
(I) Adequacy and equivalence
To evaluate the quality of any translation is difficult, since it is not entirely clear
what the focus of the evaluation should be. Surely, a good translation has to capture the
meaning of the foreign original. At the same time, it is desirable to have fluent output
that can be read easily.
These two goals, adequacy and equivalence (fluency), are the main criteria in
translation evaluation. Equivalence refers to the degree to which the output is wellformed according to the target language’s grammar, lexis, syntax etc. Adequacy refers
to the degree to which the output communicates the information present in the reference
translation.
The measure of adequacy in translation is the degree of equivalence between the
meaning of the original message and the meaning of the translated one. Thus, we
presume that adequacy is the goal and result of a good translation, while equivalence is
the means to achieve this goal.
For example, if we compare the original text Everyone thinks he 'II be Director of
the firm one day. He’s the blue-eyed boy and its translation Всі вважають, що одного
дня він стане директором фірми. У нього сині очі, it is obvious that although the
target text is equivalent to the original on grammatical, syntactic and lexical level, it
does not convey the original implication (Він є улюбленцем керівництва).
The same may be said about the following example: I think people who help the
old, sick and homeless are the salt of the earth. It is possible to make the target text
equivalent to the original on all the levels, including idiomatic (Я вважаю, що ті, хто
допомагають старим, хворим та бездомним, – це сіль землі), but if the readers do
127
not recognize the Biblical allusion or this idiom gets another shade of meaning in the
target culture, the idea is lost. It would be better to render it by means of a neutral
correspondence (Я схиляюся перед людьми, які допомагають старим, хворим та
бездомним).
1. Discuss in class how you might translate the following advertisements into
Ukrainian. Try to make your translations adequate, bearing in mind the products they
are promoting.
1. Give lashes what they long for. (‘Maximum Length’ mascara)
2. Tonight unbottle your wildest fantasies. (Shampoo)
3. Most phones are from Mars. This one’s from Venus.
4. Thou shalt not use hours to steal your best friend’s man. (The Gospel according
to Hairline products)
5. Fed up with blind dates? Try our contact lenses free and see clearly without
glasses.
6. Speaks Latin. Reads philosophy. Plays the cello. Been an extra in a soap. Owns
12 pairs of shoes. Favourite flowers are orchids. Has seen Pulp Fiction 50 times. Wears
a Watch. It’s all in the detail.
7. Lips signed by Dior.
8. Maybe she’s bom with it. Maybe it’s Maybelline.
9. Xtreme. Xhilarating. Live colour XXL (Hair-colouring line).
10. With the tightest turning circle and the shortest braking distance in its class,
you’ll be able to handle whatever Rome serves up. (Car)
2. Compare the original text and its translation. Comment on the adequacy of the
translation. Suggest your own alternative.
Marketing translations
Cracking an international market is a
goal of most growing corporations. It
shouldn’t be that hard, yet even the big
multi-nationals run into trouble because
of language and cultural differences.
Study the examples below.
The name Coca-Cola in China was first
rendered as Ke-kou-ke-la.
Unfortunately, the Coke company did
not discover until after thousands of
signs had been printed that the phrase
means “bite the wax tadpole” or “female
horse stuffed with wax” depending on
the dialect. Coke then researched 40,000
Маркетингові переклади
Більшість зростаючих корпорацій
прагнуть захопити міжнародний ринок.
Це не так вже й важко, проте навіть
транснаціональні гіганти іноді
потрапляють у халепу через лінгвістичні
та культурні розбіжності. Ознайомтеся з
наведеними прикладами.
Назва «Кока-Коли» в Китаї спочатку
писа-лася «Ке-коу-ке-ла». Лише
надрукувавши тисячі рекламних
постерів, представники компанії
дізналися, що в перекладі з китайської ця
фраза означає «вкуси воскового
пуголовка» або «кобила, начинена
воском», залежно від діалекту. Тоді
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Chinese characters and found a close
phonetic equivalent, “ko-kou-ko-le,”
which can be loosely translated as
“happiness in the mouth.”
In Taiwan, the translation of the Pepsi
slogan “Come alive with the Pepsi
Generation” came out as “Pepsi will
bring your ancestors back from the
dead.”
Also in Chinese, the Kentucky Fried
Chicken slogan “finger-lickin’ good”
came out as “eat your fingers off.”
The American slogan for Salem
cigarettes, “Salem – Feeling Free,” got
translated in the Japanese market into
“When smoking Salem, you feel so
refreshed that your mind seems to be
free and empty.”
When General Motors introduced the
Chevrolet Nova in South America, it
was apparently unaware that “no va”
means “it won’t go.” After the company
figured out why it wasn’t selling any
cars, it renamed the car in its Spanish
markets to the Caribe.
When Parker Pen marketed a ballpoint
pen in Mexico, its ads were supposed to
say “It won’t leak in your pocket and
embarrass you.” However, the company
mistakenly thought the Spanish word
“embarazar” meant embarrass. Instead
the ads said that “It won’t leak in your
pocket and make you pregnant.”
An American T-shirt maker in Miami
printed shirts for the Spanish market
which promoted the Pope’s visit.
Instead of the desired “I Saw the Pope”
in Spanish, the shirts proclaimed “I Saw
компанія «Кока-Кола» проаналізувала 40
тисяч китайських ієрогліфів і знайшла
близький фонетичний еквівалент «кокоу- ко-ле», що у вільному перекладі є
«щастям у роті».
У Тайвані переклад рекламного лозунгу
«Пепсі» «Відчуй смак життя разом з
новим поколінням любителів «Пепсі»
прозвучав так: «Пепсі» воскресить твоїх
предків».
У китайській мові рекламний лозунг
компанії “Кентакі Фрайд Чікен” «такий
смачний, що пальчики оближеш»
перетворився на наказ «відкуси собі
пальці».
Американський слоган сигарет компанії
“Салем”, «Salem – Відчуття свободи», на
японському ринку був перекладений:
«Коли куриш Salem, сили твої
відновлюються, а мозок стає вільним і
порожнім».
Коли корпорація “Дженерал Моторе”
почала продавати в Латинській Америці
нову марку машини «Nova», її
представники не здогадувалися, що “no
va” іспанською мовою означає «вона не
буде їздити». Збагнувши причину
відсутності попиту на іспаномовних
ринках, компанія перейменувала марку
на «Caribe”.
Виробник ручок «Паркер» підготував для
мексиканського ринку рекламу кулькової
ручки «Ця ручка не змусить вас
соромитися, протікши в кишені».
Представники фірми вирішили, що слово
“embarazar” іспанською мовою означає
«викликати сором». Натомість реклама
стверджувала: «Ця ручка не протече у
вашій кишені, й ви не завагітнієте».
Виробник футболок із Маямі спеціально
для іспанського ринку випустив серію
футболок з нагоди візиту Папи
Римського. Однак замість напису «Я
бачив Папу» іспанською мовою на них
129
the Potato.”
Colgate introduced a toothpaste in
France called Cue, the name of a
notorious porno magazine.
In Italy, a campaign for Schweppes
Tonic Water translated the name into
Schweppes Toilet Water.
було написано «Я бачив картоплину».
Компанія “Колгейт” намагалась
запровадити на французькому ринку
зубну пасту “Сие”, назва якої
асоціюється з назвою скандального
порно-журналу.
В Італії під час однієї рекламної компанії
в результаті невдалого перекладу
відбулася підміна “Тоніку Швепс”
“Туалетною водою Швепс”.
3. Translate the following text into English as adequately as possible. Try to achieve
equivalence.
Обрано сотню найогидніших чоловіків
Американська газета “The Phoenix” опублікувала список «ста найбридкіших
чоловіків світу». Вибір зробили в редакції видання, оцінюючи відгуки читачів
щодо тієї чи іншої американської знаменитості.
На першому місці виявився телевізійний комік Гілбрет Готтфрід “з голосом
папуги і завжди кислим виразом обличчя”. На другому – бейсболіст команди
“New York Yankees” Ренді Джонсон, на третьому - кінокритик Роджер Еберт.
Зі знаменитостей, широко відомих за межами США, у список увійшов,
приміром, бас-гітарист групи “R.E.M.” Майк Міллз, який зайняв сьоме місце.
Осама бен Ладен виявився на восьмому місці, “незважаючи на те, що
представники влади завжди вважалися сексуальними”.
Майклу Джексону, схожому на “нащадка манекена з магазину “JC Penny” й
серійного убивцю в масці клоуна”, дісталося 11 місце.
Білл Гейтс, “людина, яка уклала угоду з дияволом і одержала 60 мільярдів за
умови, що в цьому житті виглядатиме як черепаха”, зайняв 23 місце. Денні де
Віто дісталося 52 місце.
Нарешті, на 100-му місці опинився Бред Піт, “якщо дійсно правдою є те, що
и знаємо про його гігієну”. Нещодавно у пресі з’явилися повідомлення
про те, що актор занедужав “хворобою немитих рук”.
(за матеріалами сайту ІТ-репортер)
(II) Descriptive and Explanatory translation
Descriptive translation is a translation procedure of describing a certain notion of
the SL using the resources of the TL. This type of translation is sometimes required for
rendering non-equivalence, e.g. when the SL word or phrase may express an idea or a
concept which is totally unknown in the target language and culture.
This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items, modem
concepts, and buzz words, e.g.
There’s love the whole world over
Wherever you may be;
Some lose their rest for gay Mae West,
But you ’re my cup of tea (W. H. Auden).
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The proper name may be borrowed, transcribed, transliterated or rendered
descriptively. The latter seems to be the best option for Ukrainian readers are unlikely to
know who Mae West is. One of the suggested versions is:
Любов у світі править,
І зараз без жалю,
Що брати шлюб не буду з кумиром Голівуду,
Одну тебе люблю.
Other examples (landslide – перемога на виборах з великою перевагою, manila
envelope – жовтий конверт з цупкого паперу) show how long and cumbersome the
description may be, although at times is unavoidable.
In some cases even more lengthy and bulky explanations are required. Thus, we
resort to explanatory translation i.e. the translation procedure when the unknown
element (be it realia words, neologisms, lexical lacunas, culture-specific items, etc.) is
kept but a short explanation is added. Once explained, the element in question can then
be used on its own; the reader understands it and is not distracted by further
elaborations.
Using the same example of W. H. Auden’s lyrics we may find it necessary in some
particular cases to explain that Mae West was an American film star known for her
ourageous behaviour, the fact which may find its reflection in translation. This as you
may understand can be done only in interlinear translation. Another more prosaic
example deals with the realia of Ukrainian life: Among the most important steps in the
reform is the privatization of ZHEKs (state-owned housing and communal services
centres), the implementation of energy-saving policies and the construction of highquality housing.
1. Analyze the cases of explanation in translation. State whether they are justified.
1. Have you ever had to choose between a rich red soup (borshch) and large meat
ravioli (vareniki) with sour cream?
2. І was a witness when at a party in Kyiv one American businessman wondered if
he could try a “zalivne” - chilled sturgeon aspic.
3. My Italian friends looked at me proudly as I took my first bite of pizza (real
Italian - just tomato paste and cheese on a thin slice of dough).
4. “Yes, Zhenya (the Russian diminutive for Eugenia) has got a famous mum, but
we are not superheroes, and we have not done anything big yet to give interviews,” he
says, with Eugenia echoing him.
5. He says his wife cooks the best solyanka (Ukrainian meat soup) and blinchiki
(Russian pancakes) he’s ever tried.
2. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Use explanatory translation
wherever appropriate. The key words and phrases are explained for you below.
1. The presidium would no longer have ex-officio members.
2. Commerce was the town’s raison d’être.
3. We dined al fresco, on a balcony overlooking the sea.
4. The official was accused of acting ultra vires.
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5. If you lose the certificates, you can sign an affidavit and still retrieve the will.
6. He has always supported the policy of laissez-faire.
7. The Patrick Collection has restaurant facilities to suit every taste - from the
discerning gourmet, to the Cream Tea expert.
8. This was 2005, just after Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, in which she rose to
international status as a modern-day Evita.
1) an ex-officiо member of an organization is only a member because of their rank or
position;
2) the reason why something exists, why someone does something etc;
3) fresco = cool, fresh; al fresco - in the open air;
4) beyond the powers or legal authority of a corporation or person;
5) a written statement that you swear is true, for use as proof in a court of law;
6) the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to
develop without any state control or influence; when you do not become involved in
other people’s personal affairs;
7) Patrick Collection - a privately owned museum of classic cars in the United
Kingdom. Cream tea is a traditional afternoon meal, now only for tourists and Britons
on holiday, consisting of tea to drink and scones with jam and clotted cream to eat. It
can also include sandwiches and cakes;
8) “Evita” is a musical show about the life of Eva Peron, the wife of a former
Argentinian leader.
3. Match the following words to their explanations. Translate the words into
Ukrainian.
a) outdoorsman
b) hooked rug (AmE)
c) “colour classes” (AmE only)
d) eye-opener
e) Commencement address (AmE only)
f) entropy
g) “cookie cutter formula” (AmE only)
h) beanie (AmE)
i) “honour crimes” {AmE only)
1) a young woman who stays with a family in
a foreign country to learn the language, and
looks after their children for a small wage
2) a small round hat that fits close to your
head
3) an experience from which you learn
something surprising and new
4) a speech at the ceremony when American
University or college students receive their
degrees
5) something mass produced and lacking
individual character
6) someone who enjoys camping, walking in
the countryside etc.
7) a scientific law that may be popularly
summarized as “everything falls apart”
8) a rug made by drawing thread or lengths of
wool through a canvas using a hook
9) incoming classes at some American
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j) au pair
k) “marriage penalty” (AmE only)
colleges which are designated by symbolic
colours
10) human rights abuses committed against
women, most often by male relatives
11) an obligation for the married taxpayers to
pay more tax than they would have as single
taxpayers
4. Translate the following sentences containing words from the exercise above into
Ukrainian. Use descriptive translation wherever possible.
1. The lake has a 550-mile shoreline that offers just about everything the
outdoorsman might want.
2. We lowered tax rates, so you could keep more of your hard-earned money, we
doubled the child credit, and we reduced the marriage penalty.
3. I don’t think there is any cookie cutter formula for personal or professional or
public success.
4. When she gave the Commencement address back in ‘92, she spoke about one of
her misadventures.
5. It has been quite a lot of years since I had my yellow beanie on and my arm full
of books.
6. In too many countries, women are victims of domestic abuse and honour crimes.
7. The au pair may have a different view of her status in the household than her
employers do.
8. I never put that much stock in images, but this was an eye-opener.
9. We went into the living room in which there was old furniture, a hooked rug
and a frayed velvet sofa.
10. By now he had to be close to sixty, fighting entropy with chemistry and good
posture.
11. There was a contest each year for the colour class slogan. Students had T-shirts
that read “Simply mauvelous” and “Reddy willing and able”.
5. Translate the following sentences into English. Choose the best pattern for
explanatory translation: an added explanation, description of function or use of the
source text element or an explanation outside the text.
1. На Сході виготовляють Великодні «крашанки», фарбуючи яйця в
лушпинні цибулі, а на Західній Україні «писанки» занурюють у віск і
розмальовують фарбами.
2. Ми повинні відстояти принципи Майдану, запровадивши їх у власне
життя.
3. Моя подруга з Англії минулого літа придбала на Андріївському узвозі
розкішну вишиванку.
4. Більшість фальсифікацій під час виборів 2004 року були пов’язані з
голосуванням за відкріпними талонами.
5. Темники – це ганебна сторінка української історії, яка була перегорнута
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нами раз і назавжди.
6. В Обливаний понеділок молодь поливає одне одного водою з ніг до
голови.
7. Область – це адміністративна одиниця України, більша за район, але
менша за регіон.
8. Екс-глава СБУ вважає замовленою справу за фактом незаконного
прослуховування, з якого у п’ятницю ввечері він свідчив у Генпрокуратурі.
9. Інваліди-чорнобильці та ліквідатори аварії на ЧАЕС досі залишаються
однією з найбільш соцільно-незахищених груп населення.
10. Сьогодні Вищий адміністративний суд України продовжить розгляд
позовів до Центральної виборчої комісії від партій та блоків, які на виборах не
подолали тривідсоткового бар’єру.
11. Працівники Державної автоінспекції МВС України вилучили більше ніж
200 дозволів на використання на автомобілях спеціальних світлових і звукових
пристроїв. Складено понад 1200 адміністративних протоколів.
Translators ’ nightmares
One of the most difficult phrases relating to food to translate is “We decided to
have steak and kidney pudding and chips for tea”, although a native speaker would
think such a sentence to be very simple and obvious. The reasons are that a pudding
need not be a dessert and that tea may be the name of a mealtime. This can cause great
confusion.
Pudding (будь-яка їжа, яка за формою та консистенцією нагадує пудинг,
також власне пудинг) is historically the name of any prepared dish, although it is
commonly used today to refer to dessert or the sweet course. However many common
dishes use the word in their name, including:
Black pudding (a sausage made with pig’s blood) – кров’янка.
Steak and kidney pudding (a pie of soft suet pastry filled with pieces of beef and
beef kidney in a thick gravy) – різновид пирога з рідкою м’ясною начинкою).
Yorkshire pudding (a baked batter eaten with onions and beef gravy) –
йоркширський пудинг, випічка з несолодкого тіста.
Tea (полуденок, підвечірок) is the contemporary name for a meal eaten between
about 16.00 and 19.00, shortened from “teatime”, a name which has rarely been used
since the Second World War. This is perhaps due to the change in the drinking habits of
the British, where coffee is more often drunk than tea. In Victorian times, “tea was
taken” at that time of day and the concept has remained. The word supper (вечеря) is
now rarely used in Britain and tends to remain only in a few set phrases. The most
difficult is the word dinner (обід) which in both the USA and Britain varies in its
meaning depending on the area. Many books on etiquette in both countries have tried to
give the “right” definition according to their authors, but it remains a meal at lunchtime
or during the evening depending on the geographical location of the person using the
word and their audience. For example, dinner in London is usually in the evening, while
in Birmingham it is usually in the middle of the day. But all schools in Britain have
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“dinner ladies” who supervise and serve children eating their lunch.
Task: translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. We quickly grilled some lamb chops for tea.
2. Black pudding is a common component of a Full English Breakfast.
3. Roast beef isn’t the same without Yorkshire pudding and onion gravy.
4. All fish and chip shops in the north of England sell steak and kidney puddings,
although in the south people tend to prefer steak and kidney pies in flaky pastry.
5. You should have seen the look on the vegetarian’s face when he was offered
black pudding and chips for tea.
6. After a large dinner, she still found room for a huge slice of cake for pudding.
7. As the family sat at the table after their tea, Julia found that she was the only
one drinking tea rather than coffee after the meal.
8. In Scotland, a fish supper is when you have fish and chips for your dinner.
Капуста is a common word in Ukrainian but great care has to be taken when
translating this word into English, as ‘cabbage’ normally only refers to a single
vegetable, a member of the brassica family which forms a compact head. This grows as
one of two common forms in Britain, white cabbage (білокачанна капуста) and red
cabbage (червонокачанна капуста). White cabbage is commonly cooked while red
cabbage is commonly pickled. The similar plant which does not form a compact head is
Kale (кормова капуста). Other similar plants include:
Brussels Sprouts – брюссельська капуста.
Broccoli – брокколі.
Cauliflower – цвітна капуста.
Task: translate the following sentences into English:
1. Сьогодні в нашому ресторані подають суп з цвітної капусти.
2. На гарнір до м’яса подали відварену брокколі.
3. Пошукай в морозильнику, там повинно бути ще трохи брюссельської
капусти.
4. Салат із звичайної капусти - улюблене блюдо моєї дочки.
5. В Англії червонокачанна капуста, як правило, маринується.
6. На городі ми посадили пару рядків кормової капусти.
There are some registered names for products that have become generic names in
Ukrainian. Care must be taken when using such terms in translation from Ukrainian. For
example:
The only spirit drink allowed to be called Cognac (французький коньяк) is
French brandy produced in the Champagne region of France. No other spirit, under
European law, is allowed to be called ‘cognac’. The most famous competitor to cognac
is armagnac from the north of France, while many other regions have their own
distinctive brandies. Other than very specific local names, all other distilled grape spirits
are officially only called brandy in Europe.
135
Champagne (шампанське) is bottle-fermented sparkling wine only produced in
the Champagne region of France. No other sparkling wine, under European law, is
allowed to be called ‘champagne’. There is a French word used in Europe however,
“champenoise”, for such types of wine produced in other countries. The term ‘sparkling
wine’ (шипуче вино) is usually used only for non-bottle-fermented wines.
Task: translate the following sentences into English:
1. Як любителю коньяку Алексу друзі та родичі завжди приносили пляшку
грецького бренді, іспанського бренді та справжнього французького коньяку.
2. Вірменський коньяк завжди славився своєю якістю.
3. То якому коньяку ти віддаєш перевагу?
4. Шампанське – це різновид шипучого вина з Шампані, бродіння якого
відбувається в пляшках.
5. На новорічному столі завжди повинна стояти пляшка шампанського.