Respan Dataset Explorer

Match the types of thrombosis outcomes with their characteristics.

Petrification

Answer 1 Question 90
Choose...
Recanalization

Answer 2 Question 90
Choose...
EmbolizationChoose.


Accumulation of Ca2+ inside
the thrombus and formation of
vein stones
Partial restoration of blood flow
through the channels inside the
thrombus


Thrombi may be dislocated and
transported to other sites

Here’s how to match the types of thrombosis outcomes with their respective characteristics:

1. **Petrification**  
   - **Accumulation of Ca2+ inside the thrombus and formation of vein stones**  
   Petrification refers to the process where calcium salts accumulate in the thrombus (blood clot), leading to the hardening and calcification of the clot, often described as "vein stones."

2. **Recanalization**  
   - **Partial restoration of blood flow through the channels inside the thrombus**  
   This outcome involves the formation of small channels or pathways through the thrombus, allowing some restoration of blood flow despite the presence of the clot.

3. **Embolization**  
   - **Thrombi may be dislocated and transported to other sites**  
   This describes the process whereby a thrombus (or parts of it) breaks off and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in another location, potentially causing obstruction there.

So, the final matches would be:
- **Petrification:** **Accumulation of Ca2+ inside the thrombus and formation of vein stones**
- **Recanalization:** **Partial restoration of blood flow through the channels inside the thrombus**
- **Embolization:** **Thrombi may be dislocated and transported to other sites** 

These match the outcomes of thrombosis with their corresponding characteristics accurately.

Match the mediators of inflammation with their groups by velocity of their release from the cells.

Monokines

Answer 1 Question 91
Choose...
Kinins 

Answer 2 Question 91
Choose...
Lymphokines

Answer 3 Question 91
Choose...
AnaphylotoxinChoose.


Immediate action


Slow action

Here’s how to match the mediators of inflammation with their respective groups based on the velocity of their release from the cells:

1. **Monokines**  
   - **Slow action**  
   Monokines are cytokines produced by monocytes and macrophages that typically have slower effects and are involved in the later stages of inflammation.

2. **Kinins**  
   - **Immediate action**  
   Kinins, such as bradykinin, are released quickly in response to tissue injury and have immediate effects on blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and increased permeability.

3. **Lymphokines**  
   - **Slow action**  
   Lymphokines are cytokines produced by lymphocytes, and they generally act more slowly to coordinate and enhance immune responses over time.

4. **Anaphylotoxin**  
   - **Immediate action**  
   Anaphylotoxins, such as C3a and C5a, are released immediately during complement activation and cause rapid effects, including mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability.

Thus, the final matches based on the velocity of their release would be:

- **Monokines:** **Slow action**
- **Kinins:** **Immediate action**
- **Lymphokines:** **Slow action**
- **Anaphylotoxin:** **Immediate action**

Note that for Monokines and Lymphokines, both are generally associated with slower action, so you may use contextual understanding if terms indicate they are categorized distinctly. However, the immediate versus slow categorization applies accurately as described.

Match the theories of inflammation with their characteristics.

Theory of T. Lewis (1927)

Answer 1 Question 93
Choose...
Theory of G.Schade (1923)

Answer 2 Question 93
Choose...
Theory of G.Ricker (1924)Choose.


Leading link in the pathogenesis
of inflammation is an activation
of metabolism in the focus of
inflammation
Mediators play a great role in
the dynamics of inflammation
A disorder of the vasomotor
nerves function leads to the
occurrence of inflammatory
hyperemia and stasis

Here’s how to match the theories of inflammation with their respective characteristics:

1. **Theory of T. Lewis (1927)**  
   - **A disorder of the vasomotor nerves function leads to the occurrence of inflammatory hyperemia and stasis**  
   T. Lewis's theory emphasizes the role of the nervous system in regulating blood flow and how dysfunction leads to inflammatory responses such as hyperemia (increased blood flow) and stasis (slowing of blood flow).

2. **Theory of G. Schade (1923)**  
   - **Mediators play a great role in the dynamics of inflammation**  
   G. Schade's theory focuses on the significant role that various chemical mediators (like cytokines and other signaling molecules) have in the progression and management of the inflammatory process.

3. **Theory of G. Ricker (1924)**  
   - **Leading link in the pathogenesis of inflammation is an activation of metabolism in the focus of inflammation**  
   G. Ricker's theory posits that the central aspect of inflammation is the metabolic activation that occurs at the site of injury or infection, contributing to the inflammatory response.

So the final matches would be:
- **Theory of T. Lewis (1927):** **A disorder of the vasomotor nerves function leads to the occurrence of inflammatory hyperemia and stasis**
- **Theory of G. Schade (1923):** **Mediators play a great role in the dynamics of inflammation**
- **Theory of G. Ricker (1924):** **Leading link in the pathogenesis of inflammation is an activation of metabolism in the focus of inflammation** 

These pairings accurately reflect the essential characteristics of each theory concerning inflammation.

Choose the causes of decrease in the volume of intercellular fluid.

Question 94Answer

1.
Tissue ischemia (for example, with thrombosis or embolism of arterioles)


2.
Decreased fluid filtration in arterioles and precapillaries and/or increased reabsorption of tissue fluid in postcapillaries and venules


3.
Hypohydration of the body, tissues and organs


4.
An increase in the protein content in the interstitial space


5.
An increase in osmotic pressure in the interstitial tissue

Decreased volume of intercellular fluid (the fluid that fills the spaces between cells) can be caused by several mechanisms. Here’s an analysis of the options provided:

1. **Tissue ischemia (for example, with thrombosis or embolism of arterioles)** - Ischemia can lead to a decrease in blood flow, which may reduce the delivery of nutrients and fluids to tissues but typically would not directly cause a reduction in the intercellular fluid volume itself.

2. **Decreased fluid filtration in arterioles and precapillaries and/or increased reabsorption of tissue fluid in postcapillaries and venules** - This option describes a process that can lead to decreased interstitial fluid volume. If filtration (which helps maintain interstitial fluid) decreases, and reabsorption increases, it indeed results in less fluid in the interstitial spaces.

3. **Hypohydration of the body, tissues, and organs** - This is a direct cause of decreased intercellular fluid volume, as overall dehydration or inadequate fluid intake can lead to reduced fluid availability in interstitial spaces.

4. **An increase in the protein content in the interstitial space** - This situation might lead to an increase in osmotic pressure pulling fluid from the intercellular space into the circulatory system, potentially leading to a reduction in intercellular fluid volume.

5. **An increase in osmotic pressure in the interstitial tissue** - Increased osmotic pressure in the interstitial space can draw fluid into the vascular space from the interstitial fluid, leading to a decrease in the volume of intercellular fluid.

Based on this analysis, the causes of a decrease in the volume of intercellular fluid from your options would be:

- **2. Decreased fluid filtration in arterioles and precapillaries and/or increased reabsorption of tissue fluid in postcapillaries and venules**
- **3. Hypohydration of the body, tissues, and organs**
- **4. An increase in the protein content in the interstitial space**
- **5. An increase in osmotic pressure in the interstitial tissue**

Therefore, the relevant options are **2, 3, 4, and 5**. Option **1** does not directly cause a decrease in intercellular fluid volume.

Choose the correct statements about hypoxia.

Question 95Answer

1.
Neonatal period is time of high resistance and moderate sensitivity to hypoxia


2.
Neonatal period is time of greatest resistance and the lowest sensitivity to hypoxia


3.
Low resistance and high sensitivity to hypoxia are typical for children, youth, elderly and senile people


4.
Middle-aged people have the greatest resistance and the lowest sensitivity to hypoxia


5.
Middle-aged people have high resistance and moderate sensitivity to hypoxia

Let's analyze each of the statements regarding hypoxia to determine their correctness:

1. **Neonatal period is a time of high resistance and moderate sensitivity to hypoxia.**  
   - This statement is generally **false**. Neonates, especially preterm infants, can be quite sensitive to hypoxia due to their immature physiological systems, particularly in terms of respiratory function.

2. **Neonatal period is a time of greatest resistance and the lowest sensitivity to hypoxia.**  
   - This statement is also **false**. As mentioned above, neonates are at higher risk and have a lower tolerance for hypoxia.

3. **Low resistance and high sensitivity to hypoxia are typical for children, youth, elderly, and senile people.**  
   - This statement is **true**. Younger children and the elderly often exhibit a higher sensitivity and lower resistance to hypoxia, largely due to their physiological conditions.

4. **Middle-aged people have the greatest resistance and the lowest sensitivity to hypoxia.**  
   - This statement is **false**. Middle-aged individuals typically have moderate resistance and sensitivity to hypoxia, not necessarily the greatest resistance.

5. **Middle-aged people have high resistance and moderate sensitivity to hypoxia.**  
   - This statement is generally **true**. Middle-aged individuals usually have developed physiological systems that allow for relatively better resistance to hypoxia compared to younger and older populations.

### Conclusions:
The correct statements regarding hypoxia are:

- **3. Low resistance and high sensitivity to hypoxia are typical for children, youth, elderly, and senile people.**
- **5. Middle-aged people have high resistance and moderate sensitivity to hypoxia.**

Therefore, statements **3 and 5** are accurate.

Choose the causes of blood viscosity decrease.

Question 96Answer

1.
Hypohydration of the body


2.
Increased permeability of blood vessels wall


3.
Hyperhydration of the body


4.
Drinking a lot of fresh water


5.
Hyperproteinemia

Blood viscosity is influenced by various factors, including the concentration of cells and proteins in the blood. Here’s an analysis of the options provided to identify the causes of blood viscosity decrease:

1. **Hypohydration of the body** - This condition typically leads to increased blood viscosity because dehydration increases the concentration of red blood cells and other constituents, making the blood thicker. Therefore, it does **not** decrease blood viscosity.

2. **Increased permeability of blood vessels wall** - While it can influence fluid dynamics and overall fluid balance, increased permeability itself does not directly decrease blood viscosity.

3. **Hyperhydration of the body** - This condition results in diluting the blood components, effectively reducing blood viscosity. Thus, this is a cause of decreased blood viscosity.

4. **Drinking a lot of fresh water** - Similar to hyperhydration, increased fluid intake can dilute the solutes in the blood and lead to a decrease in blood viscosity. Therefore, this is also a cause of decreased blood viscosity.

5. **Hyperproteinemia** - This condition refers to an excess of proteins in the blood, which generally increases blood viscosity since higher protein levels contribute to the thickness of the blood. So, it does **not** decrease blood viscosity.

### Summary
The following options are causes of blood viscosity decrease:

- **3. Hyperhydration of the body**
- **4. Drinking a lot of fresh water**

Therefore, the correct answers are **3 and 4**.

Choose the secondary pyrogens:

Question 97Answer

1.
Prostaglandin E2


2.
Interleukin-6


3.
cAMP


4.
Tumor necrosis factor-α


5.
Interleukin-1

Secondary pyrogens refer to substances that induce fever but are not the initial causes of fever in response to infection or inflammation. Instead, they are produced in response to primary pyrogens (such as pathogens), leading to an increase in body temperature. Here’s an analysis of the options provided:

1. **Prostaglandin E2** - This is a secondary pyrogen. It is synthesized in response to other inflammatory cytokines and is essential in the mechanism of fever by acting on the hypothalamus.

2. **Interleukin-6** - This is primarily considered a pro-inflammatory cytokine and can act as a pyrogen. However, it is often categorized more as a primary pyrogen since it can stimulate fever directly.

3. **cAMP** - This is a signaling molecule (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) involved in many cellular processes, but it is not classified as a pyrogen.

4. **Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)** - This is a primary cytokine that can induce fever and is often classified as a primary pyrogen because it stimulates the release of secondary pyrogens like prostaglandins.

5. **Interleukin-1 (IL-1)** - Similar to TNF-α, IL-1 is a primary pyrogen that plays a key role in the fever response and stimulates the production of other inflammatory mediators.

### Summary
The secondary pyrogens from your list are:

- **1. Prostaglandin E2**

The others listed are more often classified as primary pyrogens. Therefore, the correct answer is **1**.

The patient was admitted to hospital in the condition of severe asphyxia. The blood test revealed:

рН of arterial blood = 7,11
раСО2 = 65 mm Hg
НСО3– = 21 mmol/L
ВЕ = –6 mmol/L
SB = 19 mmol/L
BB = 39 mmol/L
lactate = 4,5 mmol/L

Determine the type of acid-base state disorder in the patient:

Question 98Answer

1.
non-respiratory (exogenous) mechanism


2.
respiratory mechanism


3.
subcompensated acidosis


4.
decompensated acidosis


5.
non-respiratory (metabolic) mechanism

To determine the type of acid-base state disorder in the patient based on the provided blood gas values, we can analyze the data:

- **pH of arterial blood = 7.11** (normal range: 7.35 - 7.45, indicating acidosis)
- **pCO2 = 65 mm Hg** (normal range: 35 - 45 mm Hg, indicating respiratory acidosis)
- **HCO3– = 21 mmol/L** (normal range: 22 - 26 mmol/L, slightly low, which can indicate metabolic compensation)
- **BE (Base Excess) = -6 mmol/L** (indicating metabolic acidosis)
- **SB = 19 mmol/L** (standard bicarbonate, indicates a metabolic component)
- **BB = 39 mmol/L** (buffer base, indicating an overall increase in acidity)
- **lactate = 4.5 mmol/L** (increased lactate, indicating lactic acidosis)

### Analysis:
1. **pH (7.11)** indicates significant acidosis.
2. **pCO2 (65 mm Hg)** indicates respiratory failure, contributing to respiratory acidosis.
3. The **low bicarbonate (21 mmol/L)** and the **negative base excess (-6)** indicate a metabolic component, suggesting the presence of metabolic acidosis as well.
4. The presence of elevated lactate (4.5 mmol/L) further corroborates a lactic acidosis component.

Given the arterial blood pH is notably low (7.11), the respiratory mechanism shows elevated pCO2 (65 mm Hg), but the bicarbonate level is also low, indicating some compensation is underway. However, since the pH is severely low and includes both metabolic and respiratory components, the condition appears to be **decompensated acidosis**.

### Conclusion:
From the provided options, the best answer would be:

**4. decompensated acidosis**

This indicates that the body's compensatory mechanisms (likely respiratory) are insufficient to normalize the pH, which remains critically low due to both respiratory and metabolic acidosis.

Choose the correct subsequence of leukocytes emigrationChoose.


Stage of the marginal stamding
of leukocytes
Adhesion of leukocytes to
the endothelium and their
penetration through the
vascular wall
Directional movement of
leukocytes in the inflammatory
area after passing the vascular
wall

The process of leukocyte emigration is typically characterized by a series of well-defined stages. Here’s the correct sequence based on normal leukocyte migration during the inflammatory response:

1. **Stage of the marginal standing of leukocytes** - This is the first step where leukocytes begin to roll along the endothelium of blood vessels and marginally adhere to them, initially becoming positioned near the vascular wall.

2. **Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium and their penetration through the vascular wall** - In this second step, the leukocytes adhere more firmly to the endothelium and subsequently transmigrate (penetrate) through the endothelial barrier to enter the surrounding tissue.

3. **Directional movement of leukocytes in the inflammatory area after passing the vascular wall** - After successfully migrating through the endothelium, leukocytes exhibit chemotaxis, moving toward the site of inflammation guided by various chemical signals.

### Conclusion
The correct subsequence of leukocyte emigration is:

1. **Stage of the marginal standing of leukocytes**
2. **Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium and their penetration through the vascular wall**
3. **Directional movement of leukocytes in the inflammatory area after passing the vascular wall**

This sequence outlines the critical steps in the emigration of leukocytes during an inflammatory response.

Choose the correct statements.

Question 100Answer

1.
Significant reduction in temperature can cause the crystallization of intracellular fluid and rupture of the membranes


2.
Increase of the environmental temperature in which the cell is to the T 45-50°C and more can cause denaturation of proteins


3.
Irreversible cell injury occurs in organs rich in mitochondria and can be corrected by removal of the stimulus


4.
Significant reduction in temperature can cause a significant slowdown or irreversible cessation of metabolic processes in the cell


5.
Reversible cell injury occurs if the injurious stimulus persists or it is severe enough that the cell passes a «point of no return» and dies

Let's evaluate each statement for accuracy:

1. **Significant reduction in temperature can cause the crystallization of intracellular fluid and rupture of the membranes.**  
   - This statement is **correct**. Extreme cold can lead to ice crystal formation within cells, which can damage cell membranes and disrupt cellular integrity.

2. **Increase of the environmental temperature in which the cell is to the T 45-50°C and more can cause denaturation of proteins.**  
   - This statement is **correct**. High temperatures can lead to protein denaturation, which impairs cellular function and can lead to cell death.

3. **Irreversible cell injury occurs in organs rich in mitochondria and can be corrected by removal of the stimulus.**  
   - This statement is **incorrect**. Irreversible cell injury cannot be corrected by simply removing the injurious stimulus, especially if the injury has progressed to cell death.

4. **Significant reduction in temperature can cause a significant slowdown or irreversible cessation of metabolic processes in the cell.**  
   - This statement is **correct**. Low temperatures can slow down metabolic processes and may lead to cessation of function, sometimes resulting in irreversible damage if it persists.

5. **Reversible cell injury occurs if the injurious stimulus persists or it is severe enough that the cell passes a "point of no return" and dies.**  
   - This statement is **incorrect**. Reversible cell injury is defined as damage that can be repaired if the injurious stimulus is removed quickly enough. Once a cell passes the "point of no return," it enters irreversible injury.

### Conclusion
The correct statements are:

- **1. Significant reduction in temperature can cause the crystallization of intracellular fluid and rupture of the membranes.**
- **2. Increase of the environmental temperature in which the cell is to the T 45-50°C and more can cause denaturation of proteins.**
- **4. Significant reduction in temperature can cause a significant slowdown or irreversible cessation of metabolic processes in the cell.**

So, the correct statements are **1, 2, and 4**.