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На Олимпийские Игры во Францию также прибыла поддержать команду Великобритании и герцогиня Эдинбургская.

Сегодня Софи провела встречу с сотрудниками оперативного центра Олимпийских игр в посольстве Великобритании во Франции.

Герцогиня Эдинбургская является патроном национальной федерации велоспорта British Cycling и хоккея.

Как вы думаете, насколько значимо присутствие таких высоких лиц для поднятия морального духа спортсменов?

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**Translation to English:**

The Duchess of Edinburgh has also arrived in France to support the British team at the Olympic Games.

Today, Sophie met with the staff of the Olympic Games operations center at the British Embassy in France.

The Duchess of Edinburgh is the patron of British Cycling, the national governing body for cycling in the UK, and field hockey.

How important do you think the presence of such high-profile individuals is for boosting the morale of the athletes?

Feudal Japan - Friends - Enemies - Likes - Dislikes - Space - Sea - National symbols - Food

Feudal Japan was a period marked by a rigid social structure, the rise of the samurai class, and a distinct cultural and political landscape. Here's a breakdown based on the categories you provided:

**Friends:**
- **Allied Daimyo:** Feudal lords who aligned with each other for mutual benefit, often through arranged marriages or strategic alliances.
- **Samurai:** Warriors loyal to their daimyo (feudal lords) and the shogun. Samurai served as both military and bureaucratic leaders.
- **Merchants and Artisans:** Although lower in social status, they were essential for providing goods and services, leading to beneficial relationships with higher classes.
- **Buddhist Monks and Shinto Priests:** Religious figures who often provided spiritual guidance and blessings. They could also be influential political allies.

**Enemies:**
- **Rival Daimyo:** Feudal lords often fought each other for control of land and resources.
- **Bandits and Pirates:** Threats to trade and safety in rural areas and along coastlines.
- **Foreign Invaders:** Including Mongol incursions in the 13th century and European powers later on.
- **Ronin:** Masterless samurai who might turn to crime or rebellion.

**Likes:**
- **Honor and Loyalty:** Core values in the samurai code of bushido. Honor was paramount, and loyalty to one's lord was a close second.
- **Nature and Aesthetics:** Deep appreciation for beauty in nature, poetry, gardening, and the arts (such as ikebana—flower arranging and bonsai).
- **Martial Skills:** Proficiency in martial arts, archery, and swordsmanship was highly esteemed.
- **Tea Ceremony:** A highly ritualized and respected practice symbolizing mindfulness and social etiquette.

**Dislikes:**
- **Betrayal:** Disloyalty could lead to dire consequences, including seppuku (ritual suicide).
- **Social Disorder:** Maintaining strict social order and hierarchy was crucial to feudal stability.
- **Insubordination:** Challenging authority was met with harsh punishment.
- **Foreign Influence:** Distrust of outsiders and foreign customs, particularly as it pertained to religion and politics.

**Space:**
- **Castles and Fortresses:** Centers of power for daimyo, often strategically located on elevated terrain.
- **Villages and Farmland:** Where the majority of the population lived and worked. Villages were often organized around agricultural production.
- **Temples and Shrines:** Important religious and cultural centers scattered throughout the land.

**Sea:**
- **Fishing Villages:** Coastal communities relied on the sea for sustenance and trade.
- **Naval Battles:** Strategic control of maritime routes and protection against pirates.
- **Isolationism:** During later periods, Japan adopted policies to limit contact with foreign naval powers (sakoku), promoting self-sufficiency.

**National Symbols:**
- **Chrysanthemum Seal:** The imperial symbol of Japan.
- **Mount Fuji:** Iconic and often celebrated in art and literature.
- **Samurai Armor and Katana:** Representations of the warrior class and their culture.
- **Cherry Blossoms (Sakura):** Symbolizing the fleeting beauty and ephemeral nature of life.

**Food:**
- **Rice:** The staple food and a symbol of wealth and prosperity.
- **Fish and Seafood:** Integral parts of the diet, especially in coastal regions.
- **Pickled Vegetables and Miso Soup:** Common side dishes.
- **Green Tea:** Widely consumed and an important cultural element, especially in the tea ceremony.
- **Sake:** Traditional rice wine, often used in both everyday consumption and ceremonial occasions.

This overview covers the essentials of life, alliances, enmities, and cultural priorities in feudal Japan, providing a glimpse into a complex and historically rich period.

Why doesn't GoPro do bokeh?

GoPro cameras are designed primarily for action and adventure filming, which means they prioritize features like wide-angle lenses, rugged construction, and ease of use over achieving bokeh effects.

Here are a few reasons why GoPro cameras don't typically create bokeh:

1. **Wide-Angle Lenses:** GoPro cameras are equipped with wide-angle lenses that capture a broad field of view, allowing for immersive action shots. Because wide-angle lenses have a large depth of field, they generally keep most elements in a scene in focus, making it difficult to achieve a shallow depth of field necessary for strong bokeh.

2. **Small Sensor Size:** GoPros use relatively small image sensors compared to larger mirrorless or DSLR cameras. Smaller sensors naturally have a deeper depth of field, meaning more of the scene remains in focus, which again makes it hard to achieve bokeh.

3. **Fixed Aperture:** Many GoPro models have a fixed aperture, usually around f/2.8. While this is relatively wide, the combination of the wide-angle lens and the smaller sensor means that achieving a very shallow depth of field, and thus prominent bokeh, remains challenging.

4. **Usage Context:** GoPro cameras are used mainly for capturing fast-paced, dynamic environments like sports, adventure activities, and underwater scenes. These scenarios typically benefit more from having everything in focus rather than a selective focus that emphasizes bokeh.

If achieving bokeh is essential for your photography or videography, you might want to consider cameras with larger sensors, interchangeable lenses, and the ability to adjust the aperture to create a shallow depth of field.

Any other popular bokeh-free cameras?

Certainly! There are several popular cameras designed for specific purposes, such as action, travel, or everyday use, that typically don't produce strong bokeh due to their design and intended use. Here are a few examples:

1. **Smartphones:**
   - **iPhone (Standard Modes):** While iPhones (and other smartphones) can create bokeh in Portrait mode using computational photography, their regular camera modes with wide-angle lenses typically have a large depth of field.
   - **Google Pixel:** Similar to the iPhone, Google's Pixel phones use computational methods for bokeh in Portrait mode but have a deep depth of field in regular shooting modes.

2. **Action Cameras (Besides GoPro):**
   - **DJI Osmo Action:** Like GoPro, DJI's action cameras are designed for capturing wide-angle, dynamic scenes with everything in focus.
   - **Sony Action Cam:** Sony's action cameras also prioritize wide field of view and robustness, leading to a deep focus range.

3. **Compact Cameras:**
   - **Sony RX0 II:** This is a rugged, ultra-compact camera designed for versatility and durability rather than achieving a shallow depth of field.
   - **Canon PowerShot G9 X Mark II:** This compact and portable camera is great for point-and-shoot photography, with a sensor and lens combination that prioritizes ease of use over bokeh.

4. **360° Cameras:**
   - **Insta360 One X2:** Designed for capturing immersive 360-degree videos, these cameras have wide lenses that keep the entire scene in focus.
   - **GoPro MAX:** A 360-degree camera from GoPro that, like its other cameras, prioritizes wide field of view and depth of field over shallow focus effects.

5. **Consumer Camcorders:**
   - **Canon VIXIA HF R800:** A user-friendly camcorder designed for everyday video recording tasks, which usually keeps the entire scene in focus.
   - **Sony Handycam Series:** Known for ease of use and versatility, these camcorders are excellent for casual video recording with deep depth of field.

While these cameras are great for their specific use cases, they generally don't produce the shallow depth of field required for strong bokeh, mainly because they have wide-angle lenses or small sensors designed to capture as much of the scene in focus as possible. For artistic bokeh, a camera with a larger sensor and fast, longer focal length lens options would be the way to go.

What GoPro model families exist?

GoPro has released various camera model families over the years, each designed to cater to different needs and use cases. Here are the main GoPro model families:

1. **HERO Series:**
   - **Primary Line-up:** The HERO series is GoPro's most well-known and widely used line of cameras, designed for capturing high-quality video and stills in a variety of settings, both action-oriented and everyday use.
     - **HERO11 Black**
     - **HERO10 Black**
     - **HERO9 Black**
     - **HERO8 Black**
     - **HERO7 Series (Black, Silver, White)**
     - **HERO6 Black**
     - **HERO5 Series (Black, Session)**
     - **HERO4 Series (Black, Silver, Session)**
     - **HERO3 Series (Black, Silver, White)**
     - **Older models (HERO2, HERO, HD HERO)**

2. **HERO Session Series:**
   - **Session Cameras:** These are smaller, cube-shaped cameras that are designed to be more compact and portable.
     - **HERO5 Session**
     - **HERO4 Session**

3. **MAX Series:**
   - **360-degree Cameras:** Designed for immersive 360-degree video and photos.
     - **GoPro MAX**
     - **GoPro Fusion** (the precursor to the MAX)

4. **Karma Series:**
   - **Drone and Accessories:** Though GoPro's Karma drone line was discontinued, it included cameras and accessories specifically for use with the Karma system.
     - **GoPro Karma Drone**
     - **Karma Grip**

Each of these families has been crafted with different users in mind, whether it's adventurers seeking high-res, wide-angle footage, vloggers needing versatile camera angles, or creators making immersive 360-degree content.

Other popular cameras that are no bokeh?

Certainly! While achieving bokeh might be a desirable feature for many photographers, there are plenty of popular cameras designed for specific purposes where a deep depth of field is more beneficial. Here are additional examples of cameras that typically do not produce strong bokeh:

1. **Instant Cameras:**
   - **Fujifilm Instax Mini Series:** These cameras are designed for instant photography and have fixed-focus lenses that keep most of the scene in focus.
   - **Polaroid Now:** Similar to the Instax series, Polaroid's instant cameras are designed for quick, easy snapshots with a wide depth of field.

2. **Bridge Cameras (Superzoom Cameras):**
   - **Canon PowerShot SX70 HS:** Bridge cameras like this one have long zoom lenses but generally maintain a wider depth of field, especially at shorter focal lengths.
   - **Nikon Coolpix P1000:** Known for its extreme zoom capabilities, it is better at keeping the entire scene in focus, especially when not zoomed in.

3. **Point-and-Shoot Cameras:**
   - **Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W800:** A basic point-and-shoot camera designed for ease of use and capturing a wide range of subjects in focus.
   - **Canon PowerShot ELPH Series:** These compact cameras are very portable and cater to casual photography, often with a deep depth of field.

4. **Dash Cameras:**
   - **Garmin Dash Cam Series:** Designed specifically for recording while driving, these cameras focus on capturing detailed footage of the road and surroundings.
   - **BlackVue Dash Cams:** Known for their reliability and high-quality recording, these dash cams are similarly designed to capture wide, detailed scenes without selective focus.

5. **Body Cameras:**
   - **GoPro Body Cam Series (such as the GoPro HERO models when used as body cams):** Mostly used for documenting activities with a broad field of view.
   - **Axon Body 3:** Often used by law enforcement, body cameras aim to capture comprehensive footage of events as they unfold.

6. **Webcams:**
   - **Logitech C920:** A popular webcam for streaming and video conferencing, designed to keep everything in focus.
   - **Razer Kiyo:** Known for its built-in ring light, this webcam keeps a wide range of the scene in focus for clear video chatting.

7. **Surveillance Cameras:**
   - **Arlo Pro 4:** These security cameras prioritize capturing broad areas in high detail without a need for background blur.
   - **Nest Cam IQ:** Designed for home security, these cameras aim to provide clear and comprehensive footage of monitored areas.

While these cameras serve various specialized purposes, they generally maintain a deep depth of field that keeps most of the scene in focus, as opposed to achieving a shallow depth of field for bokeh effects. If selective focus and bokeh are key requirements for your photography or videography, a camera with a larger sensor and the capability to use fast, interchangeable lenses would be more appropriate.

Regarding photos, what is the antonym of "selfie"?

In the context of photography, the antonym of "selfie" would generally be a term that refers to a photograph taken by someone other than the subject, often capturing them within a broader setting. Common terms that might fit as antonyms include:

1. **Portrait:** A formal photograph of a person, typically focusing on their face or upper body, taken by another photographer.
2. **Candid:** A spontaneous and unposed photo of a person, also typically taken by someone else.
3. **Photograph:** More broadly, any image captured by someone other than the subject can be referred to as simply a photograph or photo.
4. **Group Photo:** A photo that includes multiple people and is usually taken by an external photographer, in contrast to a "group selfie" where the photographer is part of the group.

While "portrait" might be the most direct antonym in some contexts, other terms like "candid" or even just "photograph" work well to convey the idea that the image was taken by someone other than the person in the photograph.

What is the technical name for distance from camera to subject?

The technical term for the distance from the camera to the subject is "**subject distance**" or "**camera-to-subject distance**." This distance is an important factor in photography as it can influence various aspects of the photo, including perspective, depth of field, and the overall composition.

Different subject distances can affect an image in several ways:

1. **Perspective Distortion:** Changing the distance from the camera to the subject can affect the apparent proportions and relationships between objects in the frame. A closer subject distance can result in more pronounced perspective distortion, making features like the nose look larger relative to other parts of the face in portrait photography.

2. **Depth of Field:** The subject distance also impacts the depth of field. Generally, a shorter distance to the subject results in a shallower depth of field, meaning a more pronounced background blur (bokeh) if the aperture is also wide.

3. **Framing and Composition:** The distance determines how much of the subject fits into the frame and can influence the overall composition and framing of the shot.

Manipulating the subject distance, along with other settings like aperture and focal length, allows photographers to achieve the desired effects and artistic qualities in their photos.

Is there a no-bokeh camera that doesn't have a fish-eye look?

Yes, there are cameras that generally do not produce strong bokeh effects but also avoid the fish-eye look typically associated with extreme wide-angle lenses. These cameras are designed to deliver a deeper depth of field while maintaining a relatively natural perspective. Here are a few examples:

1. **Compact Cameras:**
   - **Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 Series:** These are high-quality compact cameras with relatively small sensors and versatile zoom lenses, providing a deep depth of field without the fish-eye distortion.
   - **Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark III:** Another compact camera designed for high-quality photos and videos, offering a balanced perspective without extreme wide-angle distortion.

2. **Bridge Cameras (Superzoom Cameras):**
   - **Panasonic Lumix FZ80 / FZ82:** Known for its superzoom capabilities, this bridge camera maintains a natural perspective at moderate zoom levels without producing fish-eye effects.
   - **Nikon Coolpix B600:** A superzoom camera that offers a significant range without the distortion typically seen in fish-eye lenses.

3. **Point-and-Shoot Cameras:**
   - **Canon PowerShot SX740 HS:** A point-and-shoot camera with a broad zoom range that avoids extreme wide-angle distortion and provides a deep depth of field.
   - **Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W830:** A simple, effective point-and-shoot camera that captures wide scenes without the fish-eye effect and with a large depth of field.

4. **Fixed-Lens Digital Cameras:**
   - **Ricoh GR III:** A high-quality compact camera with a fixed 28mm equivalent lens, known for street and travel photography. It offers a natural perspective and a relatively deep depth of field.
   - **Fujifilm X100V:** A premium fixed-lens camera with a 35mm equivalent lens, providing a balanced perspective and good depth of field control.

5. **Rugged Cameras:**
   - **Olympus Tough TG-6:** Built for durability and underwater use, this camera offers a wide range of shooting scenarios while maintaining a natural perspective and ensuring most of the scene is in focus.

These cameras are designed to offer a natural field of view, avoiding the extreme barrel distortion of fish-eye lenses, while also keeping a deeper depth of field, which means less pronounced bokeh. They are excellent options for those who want to capture sharp, clear images with most of the scene in focus, without the characteristic fisheye look.

Is there an f-stop that should be used with some of these?

The choice of f-stop (aperture) significantly impacts the depth of field and can help achieve the desired sharpness and perspective in your photos. While the optimal f-stop can vary depending on the specific camera and the scene you're shooting, here are some general guidelines:

1. **Compact Cameras:**
   - **Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 Series:** This series typically has a variable aperture lens (e.g., f/1.8-2.8). For a deeper depth of field, you might want to use a middle-range aperture like f/5.6 to f/8.
   - **Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark III:** Similar to the RX100 series, using an aperture around f/4 to f/8 can help achieve a greater depth of field while avoiding extensive bokeh.

2. **Bridge Cameras (Superzoom Cameras):**
   - **Panasonic Lumix FZ80 / FZ82:** These cameras often come with a variable aperture lens (e.g., f/2.8-5.9). Using apertures from f/5.6 to f/8 can help maintain a sharp, wide depth of field.
   - **Nikon Coolpix B600:** Setting the aperture to around f/5.6 to f/8 will help keep most of the scene in sharp focus.

3. **Point-and-Shoot Cameras:**
   - **Canon PowerShot SX740 HS:** An aperture setting around f/5.6 to f/8 is generally good for achieving a wide depth of field with sharpness throughout the image.
   - **Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W830:** Similar to other point-and-shoot cameras, using an aperture around f/5.6 can help maintain a deep depth of field.

4. **Fixed-Lens Digital Cameras:**
   - **Ricoh GR III:** The fixed 28mm equivalent lens typically has a wide maximum aperture (e.g., f/2.8). For greater depth of field and sharpness, consider using an aperture of f/5.6 to f/8.
   - **Fujifilm X100V:** With its 35mm equivalent lens and a maximum aperture of f/2, using an aperture between f/4 and f/8 can help create crisp images with a broader depth of field.

5. **Rugged Cameras:**
   - **Olympus Tough TG-6:** This rugged camera often has apertures from f/2 to f/8. Using an aperture around f/4 to f/8 will generally provide a sharp, wide depth of field suitable for outdoor and underwater photography.

In summary, using a middle-range aperture like f/4, f/5.6, or f/8 on these cameras can help achieve a deep depth of field, ensuring most of the scene remains in focus while avoiding significant bokeh. Always consider the lighting conditions and the specific subject matter when choosing the optimal aperture, as these factors will also influence your photographic decisions.