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Choose the negative value effects of arterial hyperemia.
Question 13 Answer

1.
Compensatory value (for example postischemic hyperemia)

2.
Occur when there is no need for tissue to increase blood flow or the degree of arterial hyperemia is excessive

3.
Increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues (for example during physical exertions), as well as the removal of metabolic products from them

4.
Arterial hyperemia is a source of free radicals which lead for lipid peroxidation and it can develop rupture of the vessel wall

5.
Hypertrophy may develop in the case of chronic arterial hyperemia

When considering the negative value effects of arterial hyperemia, the following points can be identified as indeed negative impacts:

2. **Occur when there is no need for tissue to increase blood flow or the degree of arterial hyperemia is excessive** - This implies that arterial hyperemia can occur unnecessarily, leading to potential complications or damage to tissues.

4. **Arterial hyperemia is a source of free radicals which lead to lipid peroxidation and it can develop rupture of the vessel wall** - This statement highlights the destructive effects of increased blood flow, which can generate harmful free radicals and lead to tissue damage.

5. **Hypertrophy may develop in the case of chronic arterial hyperemia** - Chronic conditions of excessive blood flow can lead to tissue or organ hypertrophy, which may alter normal function and can be pathological.

The other options do not represent negative effects:

1. **Compensatory value (for example postischemic hyperemia)** - This is actually a positive effect as it can be beneficial, aiding in recovery after ischemia.

3. **Increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues (for example during physical exertions), as well as the removal of metabolic products from them** - This is also a positive effect since it supports metabolic activity and tissue health during exertion.

In summary, the negative value effects of arterial hyperemia from your options are:

- **2. Occur when there is no need for tissue to increase blood flow or the degree of arterial hyperemia is excessive**
- **4. Arterial hyperemia is a source of free radicals which lead to lipid peroxidation and it can develop rupture of the vessel wall**
- **5. Hypertrophy may develop in the case of chronic arterial hyperemia**

Choose the types of embolism depending on the direction of the vessel.
Question 14 Answer

1.
Anterograde embolism

2.
Embolism of systemic circulation

3.
Embolism of pulmonary circulation

4.
Retrograde embolism

5.
Paradoxical embolism

Embolism can indeed be classified based on the direction of the vessel involved. Here are the types based on your options:

1. **Anterograde embolism** - This refers to the movement of an embolus in the direction of blood flow (forward), which can lead to obstruction in downstream vessels. This is a valid type.

2. **Embolism of systemic circulation** - This describes emboli that travel within the systemic arterial system, potentially affecting various organs and tissues throughout the body. This is a valid category but does not specifically denote a direction.

3. **Embolism of pulmonary circulation** - This refers to emboli that affect the pulmonary artery or its branches, typically leading to conditions such as pulmonary embolism. It also does not specifically denote a direction like anterograde or retrograde, but it is a recognized category.

4. **Retrograde embolism** - This describes the movement of an embolus against the direction of blood flow (backward). This is a valid type.

5. **Paradoxical embolism** - This occurs when an embolus passes from one vascular system (usually venous) to another (usually the arterial system) via a right-to-left shunt (like a patent foramen ovale). It is not directly a direction-based classification in terms of the vessel type, but it characterizes a specific mechanism.

From the options you provided, the following are recognized types of embolism based on direction or flow characteristics:

- **1. Anterograde embolism**
- **4. Retrograde embolism**

**Note**: While options 2 (systemic) and 3 (pulmonary) describe types of embolism based on circulation involvement, they do not inherently specify directionality as the question requests. Paradoxical embolism is separate in mechanism from the directional classifications originally mentioned.

Choose the incorrect statements:
Question 15 Answer

1.
Acid-base balance is a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis

2.
Maintenance of the body's acid-base balance is provided by buffer systems and physiological mechanisms of compensation

3.
The pH indicator is a negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

4.
In the process of life of the organism both acidic and alkaline metabolic products are formed, and the first are formed almost 20 times more than the second

5.
In the process of life of the organism both alkaline and acidic metabolic products are formed, and the first are formed almost 20 times more than the second

Let's analyze each statement to determine which ones are incorrect:

1. **Acid-base balance is a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis.**  
   - **This statement is incorrect.** Acid-base balance refers to the equilibrium between acids and bases in the body, not directly related to oxygen availability. Oxygen availability concerns hypoxia, not acid-base balance.

2. **Maintenance of the body's acid-base balance is provided by buffer systems and physiological mechanisms of compensation.**  
   - **This statement is correct.** The body uses buffer systems (like bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers) and physiological mechanisms (like respiration and renal function) to maintain acid-base balance.

3. **The pH indicator is a negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.**  
   - **This statement is correct.** The pH is indeed defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration \([-log[H^+]\)].

4. **In the process of life of the organism both acidic and alkaline metabolic products are formed, and the first are formed almost 20 times more than the second.**  
   - **This statement is generally correct.** Acidic metabolic products (like CO₂ and lactic acid) are produced in larger quantities compared to alkaline products.

5. **In the process of life of the organism both alkaline and acidic metabolic products are formed, and the first are formed almost 20 times more than the second.**  
   - **This statement is incorrect.** This reverses the relationship; acidic metabolic products are formed more frequently than alkaline ones.

In summary, the incorrect statements are:

- **1. Acid-base balance is a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis.**
- **5. In the process of life of the organism both alkaline and acidic metabolic products are formed, and the first are formed almost 20 times more than the second.**

Choose the correct statements about the phenomenon of sludge.
Question 16 Answer

1.
Classic sludge characterized of a large number of small aggregates consisting of several red blood cells

2.
Sludge can be irreversible if red blood cell agglutination occurs

3.
Sludge can be reversible (in the presence of only aggregation of red blood cells)

4.
Amorphous sludge characterized of a large size of aggregates, uneven outlines and dense packing of red blood cells

5.
Depending on the size of the aggregates of blood cells, the origin of their contours and packing density, the following types of sludge: classic, dextran and amorphous

Let’s evaluate each statement regarding the phenomenon of sludge in blood:

1. **Classic sludge characterized of a large number of small aggregates consisting of several red blood cells.**  
   - **This statement is correct.** Classic sludge typically involves small aggregates of red blood cells adhering to each other without significant structural changes, characterized by a "sludging" effect in the microcirculation.

2. **Sludge can be irreversible if red blood cell agglutination occurs.**  
   - **This statement is correct.** When red blood cells agglutinate, it can lead to irreversible sludge under certain conditions, contributing to impaired circulation and potential damage to tissues.

3. **Sludge can be reversible (in the presence of only aggregation of red blood cells).**  
   - **This statement is correct.** If the aggregation of red blood cells is not due to agglutination (which usually refers to a more permanent clumping often due to antibodies), it can be reversible.

4. **Amorphous sludge characterized of a large size of aggregates, uneven outlines and dense packing of red blood cells.**  
   - **This statement is partially correct but may be misleading.** Amorphous sludge often refers to a disorganized arrangement of red blood cells, but the description may lead one to think of it as largely associated with disease states rather than a specific size of aggregates, which could vary.

5. **Depending on the size of the aggregates of blood cells, the origin of their contours and packing density, the following types of sludge: classic, dextran and amorphous.**  
   - **This statement is correct.** The classifications of sludge can depend on these characteristics, including classic and amorphous sludge as well as dextran-related sludge due to its role in the clinical setting.

Based on the analysis, the correct statements about the phenomenon of sludge are:

- **1. Classic sludge characterized of a large number of small aggregates consisting of several red blood cells.**
- **2. Sludge can be irreversible if red blood cell agglutination occurs.**
- **3. Sludge can be reversible (in the presence of only aggregation of red blood cells).**
- **5. Depending on the size of the aggregates of blood cells, the origin of their contours and packing density, the following types of sludge: classic, dextran and amorphous.**

**Note**: Statement 4 may require further context to fully assess its accuracy, as it could be presented in different ways depending on the classification criteria.

Choose the positive effects of fever.
Question 17 Answer

1.
Increased production of interferons acting against viruses

2.
Functional overload of organs and systems

3.
Increased free radical lipid peroxidation

4.
Increased bioavailability of drugs

5.
Antitumor protection

Fever, or elevated body temperature, can have several positive effects as part of the body's immune response. Here's an analysis of the options you provided:

1. **Increased production of interferons acting against viruses** - **This statement is correct.** Fever can enhance the immune response, including the production of interferons, which are proteins that help protect against viral infections.

2. **Functional overload of organs and systems** - **This statement is incorrect.** While fever can increase metabolic demands, describing it as "functional overload" suggests a negative effect rather than a positive one. Chronic or excessively high fever could lead to strain on organs.

3. **Increased free radical lipid peroxidation** - **This statement is incorrect.** Increased lipid peroxidation due to free radicals has harmful effects and is generally associated with cell damage rather than a positive aspect of fever.

4. **Increased bioavailability of drugs** - **This statement is correct.** Higher body temperatures during fever can improve the absorption and distribution of certain medications, potentially enhancing their effectiveness.

5. **Antitumor protection** - **This statement is correct.** Fever can stimulate the immune system, which may contribute to enhanced antitumor activity, as elevated temperatures can have direct effects on tumor cells and improve immune response against them.

Based on this analysis, the positive effects of fever from your options are:

- **1. Increased production of interferons acting against viruses**
- **4. Increased bioavailability of drugs**
- **5. Antitumor protection**

Choose the «negative value» of inflammation:
Question 18 Answer

1.
death of own cells and tissues

2.
the focus of inflammation can become a source of generalization of the infection in the body (for example, the development of sepsis)

3.
inactivation of pathogenic factors

4.
restoration of damaged tissue

5.
edema can cause tissue malnutrition, hypoxia, intoxication

When considering the "negative value" of inflammation, we are focusing on the adverse effects that can result from the inflammatory process. Let’s analyze the options provided:

1. **Death of own cells and tissues** - **This is a negative value of inflammation.** Inflammation can lead to tissue damage and necrosis, particularly in cases of severe or chronic inflammation.

2. **The focus of inflammation can become a source of generalization of the infection in the body (for example, the development of sepsis)** - **This is also a negative value of inflammation.** A localized infection can spread, leading to systemic infection (sepsis), which is a serious and life-threatening condition.

3. **Inactivation of pathogenic factors** - **This is a positive value of inflammation.** The inflammatory response aims to inactivate or eliminate pathogens, which is beneficial.

4. **Restoration of damaged tissue** - **This is a positive value of inflammation.** One of the goals of the inflammatory process is to promote healing and tissue repair.

5. **Edema can cause tissue malnutrition, hypoxia, intoxication** - **This is a negative value of inflammation.** Although edema is part of the inflammatory process, excessive swelling can lead to compromised blood supply and nutrient delivery to tissues, resulting in hypoxia and metabolic waste accumulation.

Based on this analysis, the statements that represent a "negative value" of inflammation are:

- **1. Death of own cells and tissues**
- **2. The focus of inflammation can become a source of generalization of the infection in the body (for example, the development of sepsis)**
- **5. Edema can cause tissue malnutrition, hypoxia, intoxication**

Indicate the type of ABS disorder if pH = 7.27
Question 19 Answer

1.
alkalosis

2.
acidosis

3.
compensated

4.
decompensated

5.
subcompensated

To analyze the acid-base status based on the pH value provided:

- **Normal pH range:** The normal physiological pH range for blood is approximately 7.35 to 7.45.
- **Given pH:** A pH of 7.27 is below the normal range, indicating acidemia.

Based on this information, we can conclude:

1. **Alkalosis** - This would refer to an elevated pH (above 7.45), so this is **not correct**.
  
2. **Acidosis** - Since the pH is below 7.35, this indicates acidemia, so this is **correct**.

3. **Compensated** - This implies that any primary acid-base disturbance has been adequately compensated by physiological mechanisms (such as respiratory or renal compensation). Without additional information about the bicarbonate (HCO3-) level and the respiratory status, we cannot definitively say that this is compensated.

4. **Decompensated** - This refers to a situation where compensation mechanisms are inadequate to normalize pH. Again, we cannot conclude this without further data.

5. **Subcompensated** - This indicates some attempts at compensation have occurred, but the pH remains abnormal. Again, we would need more data to confirm this.

Given only the pH value of 7.27, the most definitive conclusion is that it indicates **acidosis** (Option 2).

- **Final answer: 2. Acidosis** 

If further context or lab results were available (like pCO2 or HCO3- levels), a more precise classification (compensated, decompensated, or subcompensated) could be made.

Match the forms of hypoxia with their causes.
Tissue hypoxia
Answer 1 Question 20
Overloading hypoxia
Answer 2 Question 20
Hemic hypoxia

Let's match the different forms of hypoxia with their corresponding causes:

1. **Tissue hypoxia** - This occurs when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues, despite adequate blood flow. One cause of tissue hypoxia could be decreased oxygen utilization by cells or impaired microcirculation.

2. **Overloading hypoxia** - This type of hypoxia refers to conditions where the oxygen demand of tissues exceeds the available oxygen supply. This could result from factors such as intense exercise, increased body temperature, or conditions that lead to higher metabolic demands without adequate oxygen delivery.

3. **Hemic hypoxia** - This is caused by a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to reduced hemoglobin levels or hemoglobin that is dysfunctional (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning or anemia).

With these definitions in mind, we can summarize the matches:

- **Tissue hypoxia**: **Inadequate oxygen delivery/utilization by tissues.**
- **Overloading hypoxia**: **Increased oxygen demand exceeds supply.**
- **Hemic hypoxia**: **Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (anemia, CO poisoning).**

If you have specific options or causes listed for each type, please share them for a more detailed matching. Otherwise, these general explanations detail the forms of hypoxia and their respective causes.

Patient Y., 27 years, suffers from infectious intoxication. He complains on frequent loose stool. The blood test revealed:
рН of arterial blood = 7,34
раСО2 = 26 mm Hg
НСО3– = 15 mmol/L
ВЕ = -7 mmol/L
Determine the type of acid-base state disorder in the patient:
Question 21 Answer

1.
subcompensated acidosis

2.
respiratory mechanism

3.
non-respiratory (excretory) mechanism

4.
decompensated acidosis

5.
non-respiratory (metabolic) mechanism

To determine the type of acid-base disorder in the patient based on the provided blood gas values, we can analyze the results as follows:

1. **pH of arterial blood**: 7.34 (Normal range: 7.35-7.45)  
   - This indicates acidemia (low pH).

2. **pCO2**: 26 mm Hg (Normal range: 35-45 mm Hg)  
   - This indicates hypocapnia (low pCO2), which is often a compensatory response to acidosis, especially metabolic acidosis.

3. **HCO3-**: 15 mmol/L (Normal range: 22-26 mmol/L)  
   - This indicates a decrease in bicarbonate, consistent with metabolic acidosis.

4. **Base Excess (BE)**: -7 mmol/L  
   - A negative base excess also indicates a significant metabolic acidosis, as it is a measure of the non-respiratory component of acid-base status.

### Analysis:
Based on the findings:
- The low pH (7.34) indicates acidosis.
- The low HCO3- (15 mmol/L) suggests that the primary disorder is metabolic acidosis.
- The low pCO2 (26 mm Hg) indicates respiratory compensation, as the body is attempting to compensate for the acidosis by hyperventilating to decrease carbon dioxide levels.

### Conclusion:
Given that the patient has metabolic acidosis as the primary condition and there is evidence of compensation (the lowered pCO2), this situation can be classified as:

- **Subcompensated acidosis** because the body is attempting to compensate, but the pH is still below normal.

Thus, the correct answer is:

**1. Subcompensated acidosis**

____is a type of pleural effusion in which serous fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity.

**Hydrothorax** is the term used to describe a type of pleural effusion in which serous fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity. This accumulation can occur due to various conditions, such as heart failure, cirrhosis, or infections, leading to the presence of clear or straw-colored fluid in the pleural space.