Select one behavior. Every returned turn has one binary label: Present or Absent. Source: final dense boolean release.
a282affcee02eb0ab71d9b52dime algunas palabras que rimen con eruditos
Aquí tienes algunas palabras que riman con "eruditos": 1. Mitos 2. Éxitos 3. Escritos 4. Ritos 5. Favoritos Estas palabras comparten una estructura similar que complementa la rima en contextos poéticos o líricos.
d582788e10a57173f81583e0dimel algunas palabras que rimen con eruditos pero que estén relacionadas con cultura e integralidad
Claro, aquí tienes algunas palabras que podrían relacionarse con cultura e integralidad y que rimen con "eruditos": 1. Escritos (refiriéndose a las obras literarias o textos culturales). 2. Creditos (en el contexto de dar reconocimiento a fuentes culturales o intelectuales). Aunque el enfoque en cultura e integralidad puede limitar el número de palabras que rimen perfectamente, estas opciones se relacionan en cierta medida con esos temas.
f2eaad966bb1ef47871c6038Give a example implementation of checkboxes in tksheet. Use the following Handbook for guidance: Span Objects
In tksheet versions > 7 there are functions which utilise an object named Span. These objects are a subclass of dict but with various additions and dot notation attribute access.
Spans basically represent an contiguous area of the sheet. They can be one of three kinds:
"cell"
"row"
"column"
They can be used with some of the sheets functions such as data getting/setting and creation of things on the sheet such as dropdown boxes.
Spans store:
A reference to the Sheet() they were created with.
Variables which represent a particular range of cells and properties for accessing these ranges.
Variables which represent options for those cells.
Methods which can modify the above variables.
Methods which can act upon the table using the above variables such as highlight, format, etc.
Whether cells, rows or columns are affected will depend on the spans kind.
Creating a span
You can create a span by:
Using the span() function e.g. sheet.span("A1") represents the cell A1
or
Using square brackets on a Sheet object e.g. sheet["A1"] represents the cell A1
Both methods return the created span object.
span(
*key: CreateSpanTypes,
type_: str = "",
name: str = "",
table: bool = True,
index: bool = False,
header: bool = False,
tdisp: bool = False,
idisp: bool = True,
hdisp: bool = True,
transposed: bool = False,
ndim: int = 0,
convert: object = None,
undo: bool = False,
emit_event: bool = False,
widget: object = None,
expand: None | str = None,
formatter_options: dict | None = None,
**kwargs,
) -> Span
"""
Create a span / get an existing span by name
Returns the created span
"""
Parameters:
key you do not have to provide an argument for key, if no argument is provided then the span will be a full sheet span. Otherwise key can be the following types which are type hinted as CreateSpanTypes:
None
str e.g. sheet.span("A1:F1")
int e.g. sheet.span(0)
slice e.g. sheet.span(slice(0, 4))
Sequence[int | None, int | None] representing a cell of row, column e.g. sheet.span(0, 0)
Sequence[Sequence[int | None, int | None], Sequence[int | None, int | None]] representing sheet.span(start row, start column, up to but not including row, up to but not including column) e.g. sheet.span(0, 0, 2, 2)
Span e.g sheet.span(another_span)
type_ (str) must be either an empty string "" or one of the following: "format", "highlight", "dropdown", "checkbox", "readonly", "align".
name (str) used for named spans or for identification. If no name is provided then a name is generated for the span which is based on an internal integer ticker and then converted to a string in the same way column names are.
table (bool) when True will make all functions used with the span target the main table as well as the header/index if those are True.
index (bool) when True will make all functions used with the span target the index as well as the table/header if those are True.
header (bool) when True will make all functions used with the span target the header as well as the table/index if those are True.
tdisp (bool) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the table, not underlying cell data.
idisp (bool) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the index, not underlying cell data.
hdisp (bool) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the header, not underlying cell data.
transposed (bool) is used by data getting and setting functions that utilize spans. When True:
Returned sublists from data getting functions will represent columns rather than rows.
Data setting functions will assume that a single sequence is a column rather than row and that a list of lists is a list of columns rather than a list of rows.
ndim (int) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans, it must be either 0 or 1 or 2.
0 is the default setting which will make the return value vary based on what it is. For example if the gathered data is only a single cell it will return a value instead of a list of lists with a single list containing a single value. A single row will be a single list.
1 will force the return of a single list as opposed to a list of lists.
2 will force the return of a list of lists.
convert (None, Callable) can be used to modify the data using a function before returning it. The data sent to the convert function will be as it was before normally returning (after ndim has potentially modified it).
undo (bool) is used by data modifying functions that utilize spans. When True and if undo is enabled for the sheet then the end user will be able to undo/redo the modification.
emit_event when True and when using data setting functions that utilize spans causes a "<<SheetModified>> event to occur if it has been bound, see here for more information on binding this event.
widget (object) is the reference to the original sheet which created the span. This can be changed to a different sheet if required e.g. my_span.widget = new_sheet.
expand (None, str) must be either None or:
"table"/"both" expand the span both down and right from the span start to the ends of the table.
"right" expand the span right to the end of the table x axis.
"down" expand the span downwards to the bottom of the table y axis.
formatter_options (dict, None) must be either None or dict. If providing a dict it must be the same structure as used in format functions, see here for more information. Used to turn the span into a format type span which:
When using get_data() will format the returned data.
When using set_data() will format the data being set but NOT create a new formatting rule on the sheet.
**kwargs you can provide additional keyword arguments to the function for example those used in span.highlight() or span.dropdown() which are used when applying a named span to a table.
Notes:
To create a named span see here.
Span creation syntax
When creating a span using the below methods:
strs use excel syntax and the indexing rule of up to AND including.
ints use python syntax and the indexing rule of up to but NOT including.
For example python index 0 as in [0] is the first whereas excel index 1 as in "A1" is the first.
If you need to convert python indexes into column letters you can use the function num2alpha importable from tksheet:
from tksheet import (
Sheet,
num2alpha as n2a,
)
# column index five as a letter
n2a(5)
Span creation examples using square brackets
"""
EXAMPLES USING SQUARE BRACKETS
"""
span = sheet[0] # first row
span = sheet["1"] # first row
span = sheet[0:2] # first two rows
span = sheet["1:2"] # first two rows
span = sheet[:] # entire sheet
span = sheet[":"] # entire sheet
span = sheet[:2] # first two rows
span = sheet[":2"] # first two rows
""" THESE TWO HAVE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES """
span = sheet[2:] # all rows after and not inlcuding python index 1
span = sheet["2:"] # all rows after and not including python index 0
span = sheet["A"] # first column
span = sheet["A:C"] # first three columns
""" SOME CELL AREA EXAMPLES """
span = sheet[0, 0] # cell A1
span = sheet[(0, 0)] # cell A1
span = sheet["A1:C1"] # cells A1, B1, C1
span = sheet[0, 0, 1, 3] # cells A1, B1, C1
span = sheet[(0, 0, 1, 3)] # cells A1, B1, C1
span = sheet[(0, 0), (1, 3)] # cells A1, B1, C1
span = sheet[((0, 0), (1, 3))] # cells A1, B1, C1
span = sheet["A1:2"]
span = sheet[0, 0, 2, None]
"""
["A1:2"]
All the cells starting from (0, 0)
expanding down to include row 1
but not including cells beyond row
1 and expanding out to include all
columns
A B C D
1 x x x x
2 x x x x
3
4
...
"""
span = sheet["A1:B"]
span = sheet[0, 0, None, 2]
"""
["A1:B"]
All the cells starting from (0, 0)
expanding out to include column 1
but not including cells beyond column
1 and expanding down to include all
rows
A B C D
1 x x
2 x x
3 x x
4 x x
...
"""
""" GETTING AN EXISTING NAMED SPAN """
# you can retrieve an existing named span quickly by surrounding its name in <> e.g.
named_span_retrieval = sheet["<the name of the span goes here>"]
Span creation examples using sheet.span()
"""
EXAMPLES USING span()
"""
"""
USING NO ARGUMENTS
"""
sheet.span() # entire sheet, in this case not including header or index
"""
USING ONE ARGUMENT
str or int or slice()
"""
# with one argument you can use the same string syntax used for square bracket span creation
sheet.span("A1")
sheet.span(0) # row at python index 0, all columns
sheet.span(slice(0, 2)) # rows at python indexes 0 and 1, all columns
sheet.span(":") # entire sheet
"""
USING TWO ARGUMENTS
int | None, int | None
or
(int | None, int | None), (int | None, int | None)
"""
sheet.span(0, 0) # row 0, column 0 - the first cell
sheet.span(0, None) # row 0, all columns
sheet.span(None, 0) # column 0, all rows
sheet.span((0, 0), (1, 1)) # row 0, column 0 - the first cell
sheet.span((0, 0), (None, 2)) # rows 0 - end, columns 0 and 1
"""
USING FOUR ARGUMENTS
int | None, int | None, int | None, int | None
"""
sheet.span(0, 0, 1, 1) # row 0, column 0 - the first cell
sheet.span(0, 0, None, 2) # rows 0 - end, columns 0 and 1
Span properties
Spans have a few @property functions:
span.kind
span.rows
span.columns
Get a spans kind
span.kind
Returns either "cell", "row" or "column".
span = sheet.span("A1:C4")
print (span.kind)
# prints "cell"
span = sheet.span(":")
print (span.kind)
# prints "cell"
span = sheet.span("1:3")
print (span.kind)
# prints "row"
span = sheet.span("A:C")
print (span.kind)
# prints "column"
# after importing num2alpha from tksheet
print (sheet[num2alpha(0)].kind)
# prints "column"
Get span rows and columns
span.rows
span.columns
Returns a SpanRange object. The below examples are for span.rows but you can use span.columns for the spans columns exactly the same way.
# use as an iterator
span = sheet.span("A1:C4")
for row in span.rows:
pass
# use as a reversed iterator
for row in reversed(span.rows):
pass
# check row membership
span = sheet.span("A1:C4")
print (2 in span.rows)
# prints True
# check span.rows equality, also can do not equal
span = self.sheet["A1:C4"]
span2 = self.sheet["1:4"]
print (span.rows == span2.rows)
# prints True
# check len
span = self.sheet["A1:C4"]
print (len(span.rows))
# prints 4
Span methods
Spans have the following methods, all of which return the span object itself so you can chain the functions e.g. span.options(undo=True).clear().bg = "indianred1"
Modify a spans attributes
span.options(
type_: str | None = None,
name: str | None = None,
table: bool | None = None,
index: bool | None = None,
header: bool | None = None,
tdisp: bool | None = None,
idisp: bool | None = None,
hdisp: bool | None = None,
transposed: bool | None = None,
ndim: int | None = None,
convert: Callable | None = None,
undo: bool | None = None,
emit_event: bool | None = None,
widget: object = None,
expand: str | None = None,
formatter_options: dict | None = None,
**kwargs,
) -> Span
Note: that if None is used for any of the following parameters then that Spans attribute will be unchanged.
type_ (str, None) if not None then must be either an empty string "" or one of the following: "format", "highlight", "dropdown", "checkbox", "readonly", "align".
name (str, None) is used for named spans or for identification.
table (bool, None) when True will make all functions used with the span target the main table as well as the header/index if those are True.
index (bool, None) when True will make all functions used with the span target the index as well as the table/header if those are True.
header (bool, None) when True will make all functions used with the span target the header as well as the table/index if those are True.
tdisp (bool, None) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the table, not underlying cell data.
idisp (bool, None) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the index, not underlying cell data.
hdisp (bool, None) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the header, not underlying cell data.
transposed (bool, None) is used by data getting and setting functions that utilize spans. When True:
Returned sublists from data getting functions will represent columns rather than rows.
Data setting functions will assume that a single sequence is a column rather than row and that a list of lists is a list of columns rather than a list of rows.
ndim (int, None) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans, it must be either 0 or 1 or 2.
0 is the default setting which will make the return value vary based on what it is. For example if the gathered data is only a single cell it will return a value instead of a list of lists with a single list containing a single value. A single row will be a single list.
1 will force the return of a single list as opposed to a list of lists.
2 will force the return of a list of lists.
convert (Callable, None) can be used to modify the data using a function before returning it. The data sent to the convert function will be as it was before normally returning (after ndim has potentially modified it).
undo (bool, None) is used by data modifying functions that utilize spans. When True and if undo is enabled for the sheet then the end user will be able to undo/redo the modification.
emit_event (bool, None) is used by data modifying functions that utilize spans. When True causes a "<<SheetModified>> event to occur if it has been bound, see here for more information.
widget (object) is the reference to the original sheet which created the span. This can be changed to a different sheet if required e.g. my_span.widget = new_sheet.
expand (str, None) must be either None or:
"table"/"both" expand the span both down and right from the span start to the ends of the table.
"right" expand the span right to the end of the table x axis.
"down" expand the span downwards to the bottom of the table y axis.
formatter_options (dict, None) must be either None or dict. If providing a dict it must be the same structure as used in format functions, see here for more information. Used to turn the span into a format type span which:
When using get_data() will format the returned data.
When using set_data() will format the data being set but NOT create a new formatting rule on the sheet.
**kwargs you can provide additional keyword arguments to the function for example those used in span.highlight() or span.dropdown() which are used when applying a named span to a table.
This function returns the span instance itself (self).
# entire sheet
span = sheet["A1"].options(expand="both")
# column A
span = sheet["A1"].options(expand="down")
# row 0
span = sheet["A1"].options(
expand="right",
ndim=1, # to return a single list when getting data
)
All of a spans modifiable attributes are listed here:
from_r (int) represents which row the span starts at, must be a positive int.
from_c (int) represents which column the span starts at, must be a positive int.
upto_r (int, None) represents which row the span ends at, must be a positive int or None. None means always up to and including the last row.
upto_c (int, None) represents which column the span ends at, must be a positive int or None. None means always up to and including the last column.
type_ (str) must be either an empty string "" or one of the following: "format", "highlight", "dropdown", "checkbox", "readonly", "align".
name (str) used for named spans or for identification. If no name is provided then a name is generated for the span which is based on an internal integer ticker and then converted to a string in the same way column names are.
table (bool) when True will make all functions used with the span target the main table as well as the header/index if those are True.
index (bool) when True will make all functions used with the span target the index as well as the table/header if those are True.
header (bool) when True will make all functions used with the span target the header as well as the table/index if those are True.
tdisp (bool) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the table, not underlying cell data.
idisp (bool) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the index, not underlying cell data.
hdisp (bool) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans and when True the function retrieves screen displayed data for the header, not underlying cell data.
transposed (bool) is used by data getting and setting functions that utilize spans. When True:
Returned sublists from data getting functions will represent columns rather than rows.
Data setting functions will assume that a single sequence is a column rather than row and that a list of lists is a list of columns rather than a list of rows.
ndim (int) is used by data getting functions that utilize spans, it must be either 0 or 1 or 2.
0 is the default setting which will make the return value vary based on what it is. For example if the gathered data is only a single cell it will return a value instead of a list of lists with a single list containing a single value. A single row will be a single list.
1 will force the return of a single list as opposed to a list of lists.
2 will force the return of a list of lists.
convert (None, Callable) can be used to modify the data using a function before returning it. The data sent to the convert function will be as it was before normally returning (after ndim has potentially modified it).
undo (bool) is used by data modifying functions that utilize spans. When True and if undo is enabled for the sheet then the end user will be able to undo/redo the modification.
emit_event (bool) is used by data modifying functions that utilize spans. When True causes a "<<SheetModified>> event to occur if it has been bound, see here for more information.
widget (object) is the reference to the original sheet which created the span. This can be changed to a different sheet if required e.g. my_span.widget = new_sheet.
kwargs a dict containing keyword arguments relevant for functions such as span.highlight() or span.dropdown() which are used when applying a named span to a table.
If necessary you can also modify these attributes the same way you would an objects. e.g.
# span now takes in all columns, including A
span = self.sheet("A")
span.upto_c = None
# span now adds to sheets undo stack when using data modifying functions that use spans
span = self.sheet("A")
span.undo = True
Using a span to format data
Formats table data, see the help on formatting for more information. Note that using this function also creates a format rule for the affected table cells.
span.format(
formatter_options: dict = {},
formatter_class: object = None,
redraw: bool = True,
**kwargs,
) -> Span
Example:
# using square brackets
sheet[:].format(int_formatter())
# or instead using sheet.span()
sheet.span(":").format(int_formatter())
These examples show the formatting of the entire sheet (not including header and index) as int and creates a format rule for all currently existing cells. Named spans are required to create a rule for all future existing cells as well, for example those created by the end user inserting rows or columns.
Using a span to delete data format rules
Delete any currently existing format rules for parts of the table that are covered by the span. Should not be used where there are data formatting rules created by named spans, see Named spans for more information.
span.del_format() -> Span
Example:
span1 = sheet[2:4]
span1.format(float_formatter())
span1.del_format()
Using a span to create highlights
span.highlight(
bg: bool | None | str = False,
fg: bool | None | str = False,
end: bool | None = None,
overwrite: bool = False,
redraw: bool = True,
) -> Span
There are two ways to create highlights using a span:
Method 1 example using .highlight():
# highlights column A background red, text color black
sheet["A"].highlight(bg="red", fg="black")
# the same but after having saved a span
my_span = sheet["A"]
my_span.highlight(bg="red", fg="black")
Method 2 example using .bg/.fg:
# highlights column A background red, text color black
sheet["A"].bg = "red"
sheet["A"].fg = "black"
# the same but after having saved a span
my_span = sheet["A"]
my_span.bg = "red"
my_span.fg = "black"
Using a span to delete highlights
Delete any currently existing highlights for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span. Should not be used where there are highlights created by named spans, see Named spans for more information.
span.dehighlight() -> Span
Example:
span1 = sheet[2:4].highlight(bg="red", fg="black")
span1.dehighlight()
Using a span to create dropdown boxes
Creates dropdown boxes for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span. For more information see here.
span.dropdown(
values: list = [],
set_value: object = None,
state: str = "normal",
redraw: bool = True,
selection_function: Callable | None = None,
modified_function: Callable | None = None,
search_function: Callable = dropdown_search_function,
validate_input: bool = True,
text: None | str = None,
) -> Span
Example:
sheet["D"].dropdown(
values=["on", "off"],
set_value="off",
)
Using a span to delete dropdown boxes
Delete dropdown boxes for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span. Should not be used where there are dropdown box rules created by named spans, see Named spans for more information.
span.del_dropdown() -> Span
Example:
dropdown_span = sheet["D"].dropdown(values=["on", "off"],
set_value="off")
dropdown_span.del_dropdown()
Using a span to create check boxes
Create check boxes for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span.
span.checkbox(
edit_data: bool = True,
checked: bool | None = None,
state: str = "normal",
redraw: bool = True,
check_function: Callable | None = None,
text: str = "",
) -> Span
Parameters:
edit_data when True edits the underlying cell data to either checked if checked is a bool or tries to convert the existing cell data to a bool.
checked is the initial creation value to set the box to, if None then and edit_data is True then it will try to convert the underlying cell data to a bool.
state can be "normal" or "disabled". If "disabled" then color will be same as table grid lines, else it will be the cells text color.
check_function can be used to trigger a function when the user clicks a checkbox.
text displays text next to the checkbox in the cell, but will not be used as data, data will either be True or False.
Example:
sheet["D"].checkbox(
checked=True,
text="Switch",
)
Using a span to delete check boxes
Delete check boxes for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span. Should not be used where there are check box rules created by named spans, see Named spans for more information.
span.del_checkbox() -> Span
Example:
checkbox_span = sheet["D"].checkbox(checked=True,
text="Switch")
checkbox_span.del_checkbox()
Using a span to set cells to read only
Create a readonly rule for parts of the table that are covered by the span.
span.readonly(readonly: bool = True) -> Span
Using span.readonly(False) deletes any existing readonly rules for the span. Should not be used where there are readonly rules created by named spans, see Named spans for more information.
Using a span to create text alignment rules
Create a text alignment rule for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span.
span.align(
align: str | None,
redraw: bool = True,
) -> Span
align (str, None) must be either:
None - clears the alignment rule
"c", "center", "centre"
"w", "west", "left"
"e", "east", "right"
Example:
sheet["D"].align("right")
There are two ways to create alignment rules using a span:
Method 1 example using .align():
# column D right text alignment
sheet["D"].align("right")
# the same but after having saved a span
my_span = sheet["D"]
my_span.align("right")
Method 2 example using .align = :
# column D right text alignment
sheet["D"].align = "right"
# the same but after having saved a span
my_span = sheet["D"]
my_span.align = "right"
Using a span to delete text alignment rules
Delete text alignment rules for parts of the sheet that are covered by the span. Should not be used where there are alignment rules created by named spans, see Named spans for more information.
span.del_align() -> Span
Example:
align_span = sheet["D"].align("right")
align_span.del_align()
Using a span to clear cells
Clear cell data from all cells that are covered by the span.
span.clear(
undo: bool | None = None,
emit_event: bool | None = None,
redraw: bool = True,
) -> Span
Parameters:
undo (bool, None) When True if undo is enabled for the end user they will be able to undo the clear change.
emit_event when True causes a "<<SheetModified>> event to occur if it has been bound, see here for more information.
Example:
# clears column D
sheet["D"].clear()
Using a span to tag cells
Tag cells, rows or columns depending on the spans kind, more information on tags here.
tag(*tags) -> Span
Notes:
If span.kind is "cell" then cells will be tagged, if it's a row span then rows will be and so for columns.
Example:
# tags rows 2, 3, 4 with "hello world"
sheet[2:5].tag("hello world")
Using a span to untag cells
Remove all tags from cells, rows or columns depending on the spans kind, more information on tags here.
untag() -> Span
Notes:
If span.kind is "cell" then cells will be untagged, if it's a row span then rows will be and so for columns.
Example:
# tags rows 2, 3, 4 with "hello" and "bye"
sheet[2:5].tag("hello", "bye")
# removes both "hello" and "bye" tags from rows 2, 3, 4
sheet[2:5].untag()
Set the spans orientation
The attribute span.transposed (bool) is used by data getting and setting functions that utilize spans. When True: - Returned sublists from data getting functions will represent columns rather than rows. - Data setting functions will assume that a single sequence is a column rather than row and that a list of lists is a list of columns rather than a list of rows.
You can toggle the transpotition of the span by using:
span.transpose() -> Span
If the attribute is already True this makes it False and vice versa.
span = sheet["A:D"].transpose()
# this span is now transposed
print (span.transposed)
# prints True
span.transpose()
# this span is no longer transposed
print (span.transposed)
# prints False
Expand the spans area
Expand the spans area either all the way to the right (x axis) or all the way down (y axis) or both.
span.expand(direction: str = "both") -> Span
direction (None, str) must be either None or:
"table"/"both" expand the span both down and right from the span start to the ends of the table.
"right" expand the span right to the end of the table x axis.
"down" expand the span downwards to the bottom of the table y axis.
Named Spans
Named spans are like spans but with a type, some keyword arguments saved in span.kwargs and then created by using a Sheet() function. Like spans, named spans are also contiguous areas of the sheet.
Named spans can be used to:
Create options (rules) for the sheet which will expand/contract when new cells are added/removed. For example if a user were to insert rows in the middle of some already highlighted rows:
With ordinary row highlights the newly inserted rows would NOT be highlighted.
With named span row highlights the newly inserted rows would also be highlighted.
Quickly delete an existing option from the table whereas an ordinary span would not keep track of where the options have been moved.
Note that generally when a user moves rows/columns around the dimensions of the named span essentially move with either end of the span:
The new start of the span will be wherever the start row/column moves.
The new end of the span will be wherever the end row/column moves. The exceptions to this rule are when a span is expanded or has been created with Nones or the start of 0 and no end or end of None.
For the end user, when a span is just a single row/column (and is not expanded/unlimited) it cannot be expanded but it can be deleted if the row/column is deleted.
Creating a named span
For a span to become a named span it needs:
One of the following type_s: "format", "highlight", "dropdown", "checkbox", "readonly", "align".
Relevant keyword arguments e.g. if the type_ is "highlight" then arguments for sheet.highlight() found here.
After a span has the above items the following function has to be used to make it a named span and create the options on the sheet:
named_span(span: Span)
"""
Adds a named span to the sheet
Returns the span
"""
span must be an existing span with:
a name (a name is automatically generated upon span creation if one is not provided).
a type_ as described above.
keyword arguments as described above.
Examples of creating named spans:
# Will highlight rows 3 up to and including 5
span1 = self.sheet.span(
"3:5",
type_="highlight",
bg="green",
fg="black",
)
self.sheet.named_span(span1)
# Will always keep the entire sheet formatted as `int` no matter how many rows/columns are inserted
span2 = self.sheet.span(
":",
# you don't have to provide a `type_` when using the `formatter_kwargs` argument
formatter_options=int_formatter(),
)
self.sheet.named_span(span2)
Deleting a named span
To delete a named span you simply have to provide the name.
del_named_span(name: str)
Example, creating and deleting a span:
# span covers the entire sheet
self.sheet.named_span(
self.sheet.span(
name="my highlight span",
type_="highlight",
bg="dark green",
fg="#FFFFFF",
)
)
self.sheet.del_named_span("my highlight span")
# ValueError is raised if name does not exist
self.sheet.del_named_span("this name doesnt exist")
# ValueError: Span 'this name doesnt exist' does not exist.
Other named span functions
Sets the Sheets internal dict of named spans:
set_named_spans(named_spans: None | dict = None) -> Sheet
Using None deletes all existing named spans
Get an existing named span:
get_named_span(name: str) -> dict
Get all existing named spans:
get_named_spans() -> dict Check Boxes
Creating check boxes
Span objects (more information here) can be used to create check boxes for cells, rows, columns, the entire sheet, headers and the index.
You can use either of the following methods:
Using a span method e.g. span.checkbox() more information here.
Using a sheet method e.g. sheet.checkbox(Span)
Or if you need user inserted row/columns in the middle of areas with check boxes to also have check boxes you can use named spans, more information here.
Whether check boxes are created for cells, rows or columns depends on the kind of span.
checkbox(
*key: CreateSpanTypes,
edit_data: bool = True,
checked: bool | None = None,
state: str = "normal",
redraw: bool = True,
check_function: Callable | None = None,
text: str = "",
) -> Span
Notes:
check_function (Callable, None) requires either None or a function. The function you use needs at least one argument because when the checkbox is clicked it will send information to your function about the clicked checkbox.
Use highlight_cells() or rows or columns to change the color of the checkbox.
Check boxes are always left aligned despite any align settings.
Parameters:
key (CreateSpanTypes) either a span or a type which can create a span. See here for more information on the types that can create a span.
edit_data when True edits the underlying cell data to either checked if checked is a bool or tries to convert the existing cell data to a bool.
checked is the initial creation value to set the box to, if None then and edit_data is True then it will try to convert the underlying cell data to a bool.
state can be "normal" or "disabled". If "disabled" then color will be same as table grid lines, else it will be the cells text color.
check_function can be used to trigger a function when the user clicks a checkbox.
text displays text next to the checkbox in the cell, but will not be used as data, data will either be True or False.
Example:
self.sheet.checkbox(
"D",
checked=True,
)
Deleting check boxes
If the check boxes were created by a named span then the named span must be deleted, more information here.
Otherwise you can use either of the following methods to delete/remove check boxes:
Using a span method e.g. span.del_checkbox() more information here.
Using a sheet method e.g. sheet.del_checkbox(Span) details below:
del_checkbox(
*key: CreateSpanTypes,
redraw: bool = True,
) -> Span
Parameters:
key (CreateSpanTypes) either a span or a type which can create a span. See here for more information on the types that can create a span.
Example:
# creating checkboxes in column D
self.sheet.checkbox(
"D",
checked=True,
)
# deleting checkboxes in column D
self.sheet.del_checkbox("D")
Set or toggle a check box
click_checkbox(
*key: CreateSpanTypes,
checked: bool | None = None,
redraw: bool = True,
) -> Span
click_header_checkbox(c: int, checked: bool | None = None) -> Sheet
click_index_checkbox(r: int, checked: bool | None = None) -> Sheet
Get a dictionary of all check box dictionaries
get_checkboxes() -> dict
get_header_checkboxes() -> dict
get_index_checkboxes() -> dictCertainly! Below is a comprehensive example demonstrating how to implement checkboxes in a `tksheet` using Span objects as described in the provided handbook. This example showcases creating a spreadsheet with checkboxes in a specific column, handling checkbox events, and utilizing named spans for dynamic behavior.
### Prerequisites
Before running the example, ensure you have `tksheet` installed. You can install it using `pip`:
```bash
pip install tksheet
```
### Example Implementation
```python
import tkinter as tk
from tksheet import Sheet, SpanObject
def on_checkbox_click(event, sheet, row, column, value):
"""
Callback function when a checkbox is clicked.
"""
print(f"Checkbox at row {row}, column {column} clicked. New value: {value}")
def main():
# Initialize the main application window
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("tksheet Checkboxes Example")
root.geometry("600x400")
# Sample data for the sheet
data = [
["Item", "Description", "Select"],
["1", "Apple", False],
["2", "Banana", True],
["3", "Cherry", False],
["4", "Date", True],
["5", "Elderberry", False],
]
# Create the Sheet widget
sheet = Sheet(
root,
data=data,
headers=["ID", "Fruit", "Select"],
show_header=True,
show_grid=True,
width=600,
height=400,
)
sheet.pack(expand=True, fill='both')
# Define the column index where checkboxes will be placed (0-based)
checkbox_column = 2 # Third column ("Select")
# Create a span for the checkbox column (excluding header)
checkbox_span = sheet.span(slice(1, len(data)), checkbox_column)
# Add checkboxes to the span
checkbox_span.checkbox(
edit_data=True,
checked=True,
state="normal",
check_function=lambda e, r=1, c=checkbox_column: on_checkbox_click(e, sheet, r, c, e),
text="",
)
# Optionally, make the span a named span for dynamic behavior
sheet.named_span(
checkbox_span.options(
type_="checkbox",
name="selection_checkbox",
expand="both", # Expand to include new rows/columns
)
)
# Example: Adding a button to retrieve checkbox states
def get_checkbox_states():
checkbox_data = sheet.get_checkboxes()
print("Current checkbox states:")
for key, state in checkbox_data.items():
print(f"Cell {key}: {state}")
btn_frame = tk.Frame(root)
btn_frame.pack(fill='x', padx=10, pady=10)
get_states_btn = tk.Button(
btn_frame,
text="Get Checkbox States",
command=get_checkbox_states
)
get_states_btn.pack(side='left')
# Run the Tkinter event loop
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```
### Explanation of the Example
1. **Importing Modules:**
- `tkinter` for GUI components.
- `tksheet.Sheet` and `tksheet.SpanObject` for creating and managing the spreadsheet and span objects.
2. **Callback Function:**
- `on_checkbox_click`: This function is triggered whenever a checkbox is clicked. It prints the row, column, and new value of the clicked checkbox.
3. **Initializing the Application Window:**
- A `Tk` window is created with a title and specified geometry.
4. **Sample Data:**
- A list of lists representing the rows and columns of the sheet. The third column (`"Select"`) contains boolean values indicating the initial state of the checkboxes.
5. **Creating the Sheet Widget:**
- The `Sheet` widget is instantiated with the sample data, headers, and visual configurations like showing headers and gridlines. It's packed to expand and fill the available space.
6. **Defining the Checkbox Column:**
- The variable `checkbox_column` is set to `2`, indicating the third column where checkboxes will be placed.
7. **Creating a Span for Checkboxes:**
- A `Span` is created for the checkbox column excluding the header (`slice(1, len(data))` ensures that the header row is excluded).
- The span is limited to the specified `checkbox_column`.
8. **Adding Checkboxes to the Span:**
- The `checkbox` method is called on the span to add checkboxes.
- Parameters:
- `edit_data=True`: The underlying cell data will be updated based on the checkbox state.
- `checked=True`: Initializes checkboxes as checked.
- `state="normal"`: Enables the checkboxes.
- `check_function`: A lambda function that calls `on_checkbox_click` with relevant parameters.
- `text=""`: No additional text displayed next to the checkbox.
9. **Creating a Named Span:**
- The span is converted into a named span (`"selection_checkbox"`) using `sheet.named_span`. This allows dynamic behavior, such as automatically adding checkboxes to new rows or columns added by the user.
- The `expand="both"` parameter ensures that the span expands both vertically and horizontally with the sheet.
10. **Retrieving Checkbox States:**
- A button labeled `"Get Checkbox States"` is added below the sheet.
- When clicked, it retrieves the current states of all checkboxes using `sheet.get_checkboxes()` and prints them to the console.
11. **Running the Application:**
- The `mainloop` starts the Tkinter event loop, displaying the window and responding to user interactions.
### Features Demonstrated
- **Adding Checkboxes to a Specific Column:**
The example adds checkboxes to the third column of the sheet, excluding the header.
- **Handling Checkbox Click Events:**
A callback function is linked to checkbox clicks, allowing you to perform actions based on user interactions.
- **Using Named Spans for Dynamic Behavior:**
By naming the span and setting `expand="both"`, the checkboxes automatically apply to new rows or columns added to the sheet.
- **Retrieving Checkbox States:**
A button demonstrates how to programmatically access the current states of all checkboxes in the sheet.
### Running the Example
1. Save the provided code to a file, for example, `tksheet_checkboxes.py`.
2. Ensure you have `tksheet` installed.
3. Run the script using Python:
```bash
python tksheet_checkboxes.py
```
A window will appear displaying a table with a "Select" column containing checkboxes. You can interact with the checkboxes, add new rows (if permitted by `tksheet` settings), and retrieve the current states by clicking the "Get Checkbox States" button.
### Customizations
- **Checkbox Placement:**
Modify the `checkbox_column` variable to place checkboxes in a different column.
- **Initial Checkbox States:**
Change the boolean values in the `data` list to set initial checkbox states.
- **Checkbox Appearance:**
Use the `text` parameter in the `checkbox` method to display text next to checkboxes.
- **Handling Different Events:**
Customize the `on_checkbox_click` function to perform different actions based on checkbox interactions.
This example provides a foundational understanding of integrating checkboxes within a `tksheet` using Span objects. You can extend and customize it further based on your specific application requirements.49acaaf5e072c3fdad516558Is it correct to index a weapon that entered service in 2006 as the “Type 66”?
The correctness of indexing a weapon that entered service in 2006 as the “Type 66” depends largely on the specific nomenclature practices of the country or organization responsible for naming the weapon. Here's a general overview to help clarify: 1. **Understanding "Type" Designations:** - **Sequential or Year-Based Systems:** Many countries use "Type" designations that correlate with the year of adoption or a sequential numbering system. For example, a "Type 66" might suggest that the weapon was either introduced in the year 1966 or it follows in a sequence of models leading up to or following the 66th iteration. - **Official Designations:** Some nations assign "Type" numbers based on internal classification systems that may not directly relate to the year or sequence. 2. **Case Examples:** - **Chinese Military Equipment:** China often uses "Type" designations where the number may refer to the year of adoption in the Chinese calendar or a specific development sequence. For instance, the Type 99 tank entered service in the late 20th century, well after any hypothetical Type 66 designation. - **Other Countries:** Similar patterns exist in other countries, where "Type" numbers are indicative of either the year or a particular model sequence distinct from the adoption year. 3. **Specific Considerations for a 2006 Weapon:** - **Mismatch in Years:** If "Type 66" inherently refers to something from 1966 (as the number suggests), using it for a weapon that entered service in 2006 would likely be incorrect unless there's a unique naming convention in place. - **Official Designation Confirmation:** It's crucial to verify the official designation from credible sources such as military publications, official defense ministry releases, or authoritative databases to ensure accuracy. 4. **Recommendation:** - **Verify Official Sources:** Before indexing or categorizing the weapon as “Type 66,” consult official documentation or trusted defense resources to confirm the correct designation. - **Consider Contextual Factors:** Take into account the country's specific naming conventions and whether "Type 66" has been historically used for other systems or models that could cause confusion. **Conclusion:** Unless “Type 66” is the officially designated name for the weapon introduced in 2006, it is likely incorrect to index it under that designation. Proper verification with official sources is essential to ensure accurate classification.
a28b1e377d102422463f5966why in osteomalacia due to phosphate secretion by kidney, PTH is high and vitamin d is normal or low?
In osteomalacia caused by renal phosphate wasting, several interrelated factors contribute to elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels despite normal or low vitamin D levels. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. **Renal Phosphate Wasting and Hypophosphatemia:**
- **Phosphate Loss:** The kidneys excrete excessive amounts of phosphate, leading to low levels of phosphate in the blood (hypophosphatemia).
- **Impact on Bone Mineralization:** Phosphate is crucial for bone mineralization. Its deficiency impairs the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone, leading to osteomalacia, which is characterized by softened and weakened bones.
2. **Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:**
- **Direct Stimulation by Hypophosphatemia:** Low phosphate levels directly stimulate the parathyroid glands to secrete more PTH. This condition is known as secondary hyperparathyroidism.
- **Compensatory Mechanism:** The body attempts to compensate for low phosphate by increasing PTH, which helps to:
- **Increase Renal Phosphate Reabsorption:** PTH reduces phosphate excretion by the kidneys.
- **Mobilize Calcium from Bones:** PTH increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones.
- **Enhance Vitamin D Activation:** PTH stimulates the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, although this may be impaired in certain kidney disorders.
3. **Vitamin D Levels:**
- **Normal or Low Vitamin D:** Depending on the underlying cause of phosphate wasting, vitamin D levels can be normal or low. In some kidney disorders, the ability to activate vitamin D is impaired, leading to lower levels of active vitamin D.
- **Role in PTH Regulation:** While vitamin D plays a role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, the primary driver of elevated PTH in this scenario is hypophosphatemia rather than vitamin D status.
4. **Feedback Mechanisms:**
- **Phosphate as a PTH Regulator:** Phosphate itself acts as a regulator of PTH secretion. Low phosphate levels directly stimulate PTH release, independent of calcium or vitamin D levels.
- **Interplay with Calcium:** Although calcium levels might initially remain normal, chronic hypophosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism can eventually affect calcium homeostasis.
**Summary:**
In osteomalacia due to renal phosphate wasting, the primary issue is hypophosphatemia caused by excessive phosphate loss through the kidneys. This low phosphate directly stimulates the parathyroid glands to secrete more PTH (secondary hyperparathyroidism). While vitamin D levels can influence PTH secretion, in this context, the elevated PTH is primarily a response to the low phosphate levels. Vitamin D may be normal or low depending on the specific renal pathology and its impact on vitamin D metabolism.
**Key Points:**
- **Renal phosphate wasting leads to hypophosphatemia.**
- **Hypophosphatemia directly stimulates increased PTH secretion (secondary hyperparathyroidism).**
- **Vitamin D levels may be normal or low, but the primary driver for elevated PTH is low phosphate.**
Because kidney loss of phosphate causes low blood phosphate levels, hypophosphatemia directly stimulates the parathyroid glands to raise PTH. Even when vitamin D is normal or reduced, phosphate depletion from renal wasting leads to elevated PTH in osteomalacia.b2fec6eac8f663c2b5f00febextend this script to read Tabs_ files too
```
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import argparse
import os
import struct
import sys
import json
from pathlib import Path
from collections import defaultdict
import datetime
import io
# Constants for command types
K_COMMAND_UPDATE_TAB_NAVIGATION = 6
K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_TAB_IN_INDEX = 8
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_WINDOW = 0
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP = 25
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP_METADATA2 = 27
K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_NAVIGATION_INDEX = 7
K_COMMAND_TAB_CLOSED = 16
K_COMMAND_WINDOW_CLOSED = 17
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_INDEX_IN_WINDOW = 2
K_COMMAND_SET_ACTIVE_WINDOW = 20
K_COMMAND_LAST_ACTIVE_TIME = 21
MAGIC_HEADER = b"SNSS"
# Data Structures
class Group:
def __init__(self, high, low, name=""):
self.high = high
self.low = low
self.name = name
class Window:
def __init__(self, id):
self.id = id
self.active_tab_idx = 0
self.deleted = False
self.tabs = []
class HistoryItem:
def __init__(self, idx, url="", title=""):
self.idx = idx
self.url = url
self.title = title
class Tab:
def __init__(self, id):
self.id = id
self.history = []
self.idx = 0
self.win = 0
self.deleted = False
self.current_history_idx = 0
self.group = None
class Result:
def __init__(self):
self.windows = []
# Helper Functions
def read_uint8(f):
data = f.read(1)
if len(data) != 1:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint8.")
return struct.unpack("<B", data)[0]
def read_uint16(f):
data = f.read(2)
if len(data) != 2:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint16.")
return struct.unpack("<H", data)[0]
def read_uint32(f):
data = f.read(4)
if len(data) != 4:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint32.")
return struct.unpack("<I", data)[0]
def read_uint64(f):
data = f.read(8)
if len(data) != 8:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint64.")
return struct.unpack("<Q", data)[0]
def read_string(f):
sz = read_uint32(f)
rsz = sz
if rsz % 4 != 0:
rsz += 4 - (rsz % 4)
data = f.read(rsz)
if len(data) != rsz:
raise EOFError("Failed to read string.")
return data[:sz].decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
def read_string16(f):
sz = read_uint32(f)
rsz = sz * 2
if rsz % 4 != 0:
rsz += 4 - (rsz % 4)
data = f.read(rsz)
if len(data) != rsz:
raise EOFError("Failed to read string16.")
# Interpret as little-endian UTF-16
return data[:sz*2].decode('utf-16le', errors='replace')
# Main Parsing Function
def parse_session(file_path):
tabs = {}
windows = {}
groups = {}
active_window = None
def get_window(id):
if id not in windows:
windows[id] = Window(id)
return windows[id]
def get_group(high, low):
key = f"{high:x}{low:x}"
if key not in groups:
groups[key] = Group(high, low)
return groups[key]
def get_tab(id):
if id not in tabs:
tabs[id] = Tab(id)
return tabs[id]
with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
# Read and validate magic header
magic = f.read(4)
if magic != MAGIC_HEADER:
raise ValueError("Invalid SNSS file: Incorrect magic header.")
# Read and validate version
version = read_uint32(f)
if version not in [1, 3]:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid SNSS file: Unsupported version {version}.")
while True:
try:
sz = read_uint16(f) -1
cmd_type = read_uint8(f)
payload = f.read(sz)
if len(payload) != sz:
raise EOFError("Incomplete command payload.")
data = io.BytesIO(payload)
if cmd_type == K_COMMAND_UPDATE_TAB_NAVIGATION:
data_size = read_uint32(data)
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
hist_idx = read_uint32(data)
url = read_string(data)
title = read_string16(data)
tab = get_tab(tab_id)
# Find or create history item
item = next((h for h in tab.history if h.idx == hist_idx), None)
if not item:
item = HistoryItem(hist_idx)
tab.history.append(item)
item.url = url
item.title = title
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_TAB_IN_INDEX:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
idx = read_uint32(data)
win = get_window(win_id)
win.active_tab_idx = idx
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP_METADATA2:
data_size = read_uint32(data)
high = read_uint64(data)
low = read_uint64(data)
name = read_string16(data)
group = get_group(high, low)
group.name = name
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
padding = read_uint32(data) # Struct padding
high = read_uint64(data)
low = read_uint64(data)
tab = get_tab(tab_id)
tab.group = get_group(high, low)
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_WINDOW:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
tab = get_tab(tab_id)
tab.win = win_id
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_WINDOW_CLOSED:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
win = get_window(win_id)
win.deleted = True
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_TAB_CLOSED:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
tab = get_tab(tab_id)
tab.deleted = True
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_INDEX_IN_WINDOW:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
index = read_uint32(data)
tab = get_tab(tab_id)
tab.idx = index
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_ACTIVE_WINDOW:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
active_window = get_window(win_id)
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_LAST_ACTIVE_TIME:
# Skipping proper implementation as noted in Go code
data.read(4 + 8) # Skip id and time
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_NAVIGATION_INDEX:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
idx = read_uint32(data)
tab = get_tab(tab_id)
tab.current_history_idx = idx
else:
# Unknown command type; skip
pass
except EOFError:
break
# Organize tabs into windows
for tab in tabs.values():
# Skip tabs without a window
if tab.win == 0:
continue
win = get_window(tab.win)
win.tabs.append(tab)
# Sort tabs within windows
for win in windows.values():
win.tabs.sort(key=lambda t: t.idx)
# Prepare Result
result = Result()
for win in windows.values():
window_obj = {
"active": (win == active_window),
"deleted": win.deleted,
"tabs": []
}
for idx, tab in enumerate(win.tabs):
if not tab.deleted:
is_active = (idx == win.active_tab_idx)
else:
is_active = False
tab_obj = {
"active": is_active,
"history": [{"url": h.url, "title": h.title} for h in sorted(tab.history, key=lambda x: x.idx)],
"url": "",
"title": "",
"deleted": tab.deleted,
"group": tab.group.name if tab.group else ""
}
# Truncate history to current_history_idx
for h in sorted(tab.history, key=lambda x: x.idx):
tab_obj["history"].append({"url": h.url, "title": h.title})
if h.idx == tab.current_history_idx:
tab_obj["url"] = h.url
tab_obj["title"] = h.title
break
window_obj["tabs"].append(tab_obj)
result.windows.append(window_obj)
return result
# Function to find session files
def find_sessions(path):
session_files = []
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
for file in files:
if file.startswith("Session_"):
full_path = os.path.join(root, file)
session_files.append(full_path)
return session_files
# Function to handle printf-like formatting
def format_output(format_str, tab, include_history):
outputs = []
if include_history:
for item in tab["history"]:
s = format_str.replace("%u", item["url"])
s = s.replace("%g", tab["group"])
s = s.replace("%t", item["title"])
s = s.replace("\\n", "\n")
s = s.replace("\\t", "\t")
s = s.replace("\\0", "\x00")
outputs.append(s)
else:
s = format_str.replace("%u", tab["url"])
s = s.replace("%g", tab["group"])
s = s.replace("%t", tab["title"])
s = s.replace("\\n", "\n")
s = s.replace("\\t", "\t")
s = s.replace("\\0", "\x00")
outputs.append(s)
return "".join(outputs)
# Function to write output to a file
def write_output(output_path, data, is_json, pretty):
with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
if is_json:
if pretty:
json.dump(data, f, indent=2)
else:
json.dump(data, f, separators=(',', ':'))
else:
f.write(data)
# Function to generate output content based on arguments
def generate_output(result, args):
if args.json:
output_data = {
"windows": result.windows
}
return output_data
elif args.active:
outputs = []
for win in result.windows:
if win["active"]:
for tab in win["tabs"]:
if tab["active"]:
outputs.append(format_output(args.printf, tab, args.history))
return "\n".join(outputs)
else:
outputs = []
for win in result.windows:
if not win["deleted"] or args.deleted:
for tab in win["tabs"]:
if not tab["deleted"] or args.deleted:
outputs.append(format_output(args.printf, tab, args.history))
return "\n".join(outputs)
# Function to handle a single session file
def handle_single_session(session_file, args):
try:
result = parse_session(session_file)
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error parsing session file '{session_file}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
return
output_content = generate_output(result, args)
if args.output:
output_path = args.output
else:
# Default output to stdout
if args.json:
if args.pretty:
print(json.dumps(output_content, indent=2))
else:
print(json.dumps(output_content, separators=(',', ':')))
else:
print(output_content, end='')
return
try:
write_output(output_path, output_content, args.json, args.pretty)
print(f"Session '{session_file}' dumped to '{output_path}'.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error writing to '{output_path}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
# Function to handle multiple session files
def handle_multiple_sessions(session_files, args):
if not args.output_dir:
print("Output directory not specified.", file=sys.stderr)
return
output_dir = Path(args.output_dir)
output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
for session_file in session_files:
try:
result = parse_session(session_file)
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error parsing session file '{session_file}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
continue
output_content = generate_output(result, args)
session_filename = Path(session_file).stem # e.g., "Session_12345"
if args.json:
output_filename = f"{session_filename}.json"
else:
output_filename = f"{session_filename}.txt"
output_path = output_dir / output_filename
try:
write_output(output_path, output_content, args.json, args.pretty)
print(f"Session '{session_file}' dumped to '{output_path}'.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error writing to '{output_path}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
# Main Function
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="Chrome Session Dump - Parses Chrome's session files to extract window and tab information.",
formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter,
epilog="""
Example Usage:
1. Dump the latest session to stdout (minimized JSON by default):
python3 session_dump.py --json
2. Dump the latest session to a pretty-printed JSON file:
python3 session_dump.py --output latest_session.json --json --pretty
3. Dump multiple session files to a designated folder with minimized JSON:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/chrome/session_directory --output-dir /path/to/output_folder --json
4. Dump multiple session files to a designated folder with pretty-printed JSON:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/chrome/session_directory --output-dir /path/to/output_folder --json --pretty
5. Dump a specific session file to a text file with custom format:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/Session_12345 --output session_12345.txt --printf "Title: %t\nURL: %u\n\n"
6. Include deleted tabs and history in the output:
python3 session_dump.py --output complete_session.json --json --deleted --history
7. Dump minimized JSON without specifying output file (outputs to stdout):
python3 session_dump.py --json
8. Dump non-JSON output with custom printf format:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/Session_12345 --output session_12345.txt --printf "Title: %t\nURL: %u\n\n"
"""
)
parser.add_argument(
"target",
nargs="?",
default=None,
help="Path to the session file or Chrome directory. Defaults to Chrome's config directory."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--json",
action="store_true",
help="Produce JSON formatted output. Includes all tabs with their history and metadata."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--pretty",
action="store_true",
help="Pretty-print JSON output with indentation. Use with --json."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--active",
action="store_true",
help="Print the currently active tab."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--deleted",
action="store_true",
help="Include tabs and windows that have been deleted."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--history",
action="store_true",
help="Include the history of each tab in the output."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--printf",
default="%u\n",
help="The output format for tabs if --json is not specified. Use %%u for URL, %%g for group, %%t for title. (Default: '%%u\\n')"
)
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument(
"--output",
type=str,
help="Specify an output file to dump a single session."
)
group.add_argument(
"--output-dir",
type=str,
help="Specify an output directory to dump multiple session files. Each session will be saved as a separate file."
)
args = parser.parse_args()
# Validate arguments
if args.pretty and not args.json:
parser.error("--pretty can only be used with --json.")
# Determine the target path
if args.target:
target = Path(os.path.expanduser(args.target))
else:
# Default Chrome config directories
possible_dirs = [
Path.home() / ".config" / "chromium",
Path.home() / ".config" / "google-chrome",
Path.home() / ".config" / "chrome"
]
target = next((d for d in possible_dirs if d.exists()), None)
if not target:
print("Default Chrome config directories not found. Please specify a session file or Chrome directory.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
# If target is a directory, find all session files
if target.is_dir():
session_files = find_sessions(str(target))
if not session_files:
print("No session files found in the specified directory.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
if args.output_dir:
handle_multiple_sessions(session_files, args)
else:
# If output_dir not specified, default to dumping the latest session
latest_session = max(session_files, key=lambda x: os.path.getmtime(x))
handle_single_session(latest_session, args)
else:
# Assume target is a session file
handle_single_session(str(target), args)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```To extend the existing script to read and process `Tabs_*` files in addition to `Session_*` files, you'll need to make several adjustments. The `Tabs_*` files typically contain detailed information about individual tabs, which complements the session data. Here's how you can modify the script to handle both file types:
1. **Update File Discovery**: Modify the `find_sessions` function to locate both `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files.
2. **Parse Both File Types**: Adjust the `parse_session` function or create a new parser to handle `Tabs_*` files. Since `Tabs_*` files likely have a similar structure to `Session_*` files, you can reuse much of the existing parsing logic.
3. **Merge Data**: Integrate the data from `Tabs_*` files with the session data to provide a comprehensive view of the browser's state.
Below is the updated script with these modifications:
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import argparse
import os
import struct
import sys
import json
from pathlib import Path
from collections import defaultdict
import datetime
import io
# Constants for command types
K_COMMAND_UPDATE_TAB_NAVIGATION = 6
K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_TAB_IN_INDEX = 8
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_WINDOW = 0
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP = 25
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP_METADATA2 = 27
K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_NAVIGATION_INDEX = 7
K_COMMAND_TAB_CLOSED = 16
K_COMMAND_WINDOW_CLOSED = 17
K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_INDEX_IN_WINDOW = 2
K_COMMAND_SET_ACTIVE_WINDOW = 20
K_COMMAND_LAST_ACTIVE_TIME = 21
MAGIC_HEADER = b"SNSS"
# Data Structures
class Group:
def __init__(self, high, low, name=""):
self.high = high
self.low = low
self.name = name
class Window:
def __init__(self, id):
self.id = id
self.active_tab_idx = 0
self.deleted = False
self.tabs = []
class HistoryItem:
def __init__(self, idx, url="", title=""):
self.idx = idx
self.url = url
self.title = title
class Tab:
def __init__(self, id):
self.id = id
self.history = []
self.idx = 0
self.win = 0
self.deleted = False
self.current_history_idx = 0
self.group = None
class Result:
def __init__(self):
self.windows = []
self.tabs = {} # Additional field to store tabs from Tabs_* files
# Helper Functions
def read_uint8(f):
data = f.read(1)
if len(data) != 1:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint8.")
return struct.unpack("<B", data)[0]
def read_uint16(f):
data = f.read(2)
if len(data) != 2:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint16.")
return struct.unpack("<H", data)[0]
def read_uint32(f):
data = f.read(4)
if len(data) != 4:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint32.")
return struct.unpack("<I", data)[0]
def read_uint64(f):
data = f.read(8)
if len(data) != 8:
raise EOFError("Failed to read uint64.")
return struct.unpack("<Q", data)[0]
def read_string(f):
sz = read_uint32(f)
rsz = sz
if rsz % 4 != 0:
rsz += 4 - (rsz % 4)
data = f.read(rsz)
if len(data) != rsz:
raise EOFError("Failed to read string.")
return data[:sz].decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
def read_string16(f):
sz = read_uint32(f)
rsz = sz * 2
if rsz % 4 != 0:
rsz += 4 - (rsz % 4)
data = f.read(rsz)
if len(data) != rsz:
raise EOFError("Failed to read string16.")
# Interpret as little-endian UTF-16
return data[:sz*2].decode('utf-16le', errors='replace')
# Main Parsing Function
def parse_session(session_file, result, file_type="Session"):
"""
Parses a session or tabs file and updates the result object.
:param session_file: Path to the session or tabs file.
:param result: The Result object to update.
:param file_type: Type of the file ("Session" or "Tabs").
"""
tabs = {}
windows = {}
groups = {}
active_window = None
def get_window(id):
if id not in windows:
windows[id] = Window(id)
return windows[id]
def get_group(high, low):
key = f"{high:x}{low:x}"
if key not in groups:
groups[key] = Group(high, low)
return groups[key]
def get_tab(id):
if id not in tabs:
tabs[id] = Tab(id)
return tabs[id]
with open(session_file, 'rb') as f:
# Read and validate magic header
magic = f.read(4)
if magic != MAGIC_HEADER:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid {file_type} file '{session_file}': Incorrect magic header.")
# Read and validate version
version = read_uint32(f)
if version not in [1, 3]:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid {file_type} file '{session_file}': Unsupported version {version}.")
while True:
try:
sz = read_uint16(f) -1
cmd_type = read_uint8(f)
payload = f.read(sz)
if len(payload) != sz:
raise EOFError("Incomplete command payload.")
data = io.BytesIO(payload)
if cmd_type == K_COMMAND_UPDATE_TAB_NAVIGATION:
data_size = read_uint32(data)
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
hist_idx = read_uint32(data)
url = read_string(data)
title = read_string16(data)
# Use shared tabs dictionary
if tab_id in result.tabs:
tab = result.tabs[tab_id]
else:
tab = Tab(tab_id)
result.tabs[tab_id] = tab
# Find or create history item
item = next((h for h in tab.history if h.idx == hist_idx), None)
if not item:
item = HistoryItem(hist_idx)
tab.history.append(item)
item.url = url
item.title = title
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_TAB_IN_INDEX:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
idx = read_uint32(data)
win = get_window(win_id)
win.active_tab_idx = idx
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP_METADATA2:
data_size = read_uint32(data)
high = read_uint64(data)
low = read_uint64(data)
name = read_string16(data)
group = get_group(high, low)
group.name = name
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_GROUP:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
padding = read_uint32(data) # Struct padding
high = read_uint64(data)
low = read_uint64(data)
if tab_id in result.tabs:
tab = result.tabs[tab_id]
else:
tab = Tab(tab_id)
result.tabs[tab_id] = tab
tab.group = get_group(high, low)
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_WINDOW:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
if tab_id in result.tabs:
tab = result.tabs[tab_id]
else:
tab = Tab(tab_id)
result.tabs[tab_id] = tab
tab.win = win_id
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_WINDOW_CLOSED:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
win = get_window(win_id)
win.deleted = True
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_TAB_CLOSED:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
if tab_id in result.tabs:
tab = result.tabs[tab_id]
tab.deleted = True
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_TAB_INDEX_IN_WINDOW:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
index = read_uint32(data)
if tab_id in result.tabs:
tab = result.tabs[tab_id]
tab.idx = index
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_ACTIVE_WINDOW:
win_id = read_uint32(data)
active_window = get_window(win_id)
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_LAST_ACTIVE_TIME:
# Skipping proper implementation as noted in Go code
data.read(4 + 8) # Skip id and time
elif cmd_type == K_COMMAND_SET_SELECTED_NAVIGATION_INDEX:
tab_id = read_uint32(data)
idx = read_uint32(data)
if tab_id in result.tabs:
tab = result.tabs[tab_id]
tab.current_history_idx = idx
else:
# Unknown command type; skip
pass
except EOFError:
break
# Organize tabs into windows
for tab in result.tabs.values():
# Skip tabs without a window
if tab.win == 0:
continue
if tab.win not in windows:
windows[tab.win] = Window(tab.win)
win = windows[tab.win]
win.tabs.append(tab)
# Sort tabs within windows
for win in windows.values():
win.tabs.sort(key=lambda t: t.idx)
# Prepare Result
for win in windows.values():
window_obj = {
"id": win.id,
"active": (win == active_window),
"deleted": win.deleted,
"tabs": []
}
for idx, tab in enumerate(win.tabs):
if not tab.deleted:
is_active = (idx == win.active_tab_idx)
else:
is_active = False
tab_obj = {
"id": tab.id,
"active": is_active,
"history": [{"url": h.url, "title": h.title} for h in sorted(tab.history, key=lambda x: x.idx)],
"url": "",
"title": "",
"deleted": tab.deleted,
"group": tab.group.name if tab.group else ""
}
# Truncate history to current_history_idx
for h in sorted(tab.history, key=lambda x: x.idx):
tab_obj["history"].append({"url": h.url, "title": h.title})
if h.idx == tab.current_history_idx:
tab_obj["url"] = h.url
tab_obj["title"] = h.title
break
window_obj["tabs"].append(tab_obj)
result.windows.append(window_obj)
# Function to find session and tabs files
def find_sessions_and_tabs(path):
session_files = []
tabs_files = []
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
for file in files:
if file.startswith("Session_"):
full_path = os.path.join(root, file)
session_files.append(full_path)
elif file.startswith("Tabs_"):
full_path = os.path.join(root, file)
tabs_files.append(full_path)
return session_files, tabs_files
# Function to handle printf-like formatting
def format_output(format_str, tab, include_history):
outputs = []
if include_history:
for item in tab["history"]:
s = format_str.replace("%u", item["url"])
s = s.replace("%g", tab["group"])
s = s.replace("%t", item["title"])
s = s.replace("\\n", "\n")
s = s.replace("\\t", "\t")
s = s.replace("\\0", "\x00")
outputs.append(s)
else:
s = format_str.replace("%u", tab["url"])
s = s.replace("%g", tab["group"])
s = s.replace("%t", tab["title"])
s = s.replace("\\n", "\n")
s = s.replace("\\t", "\t")
s = s.replace("\\0", "\x00")
outputs.append(s)
return "".join(outputs)
# Function to write output to a file
def write_output(output_path, data, is_json, pretty):
with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
if is_json:
if pretty:
json.dump(data, f, indent=2)
else:
json.dump(data, f, separators=(',', ':'))
else:
f.write(data)
# Function to generate output content based on arguments
def generate_output(result, args):
if args.json:
output_data = {
"windows": result.windows
}
return output_data
elif args.active:
outputs = []
for win in result.windows:
if win["active"]:
for tab in win["tabs"]:
if tab["active"]:
outputs.append(format_output(args.printf, tab, args.history))
return "\n".join(outputs)
else:
outputs = []
for win in result.windows:
if not win["deleted"] or args.deleted:
for tab in win["tabs"]:
if not tab["deleted"] or args.deleted:
outputs.append(format_output(args.printf, tab, args.history))
return "\n".join(outputs)
# Function to handle a single session and tabs file
def handle_single_session(session_file, tabs_file, args, result):
try:
if session_file:
parse_session(session_file, result, file_type="Session")
if tabs_file:
parse_session(tabs_file, result, file_type="Tabs")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error parsing files '{session_file}' or '{tabs_file}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
return
output_content = generate_output(result, args)
if args.output:
output_path = args.output
try:
write_output(output_path, output_content, args.json, args.pretty)
print(f"Session '{session_file}' and Tabs '{tabs_file}' dumped to '{output_path}'.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error writing to '{output_path}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
else:
# Default output to stdout
if args.json:
if args.pretty:
print(json.dumps(output_content, indent=2))
else:
print(json.dumps(output_content, separators=(',', ':')))
else:
print(output_content, end='')
# Function to handle multiple session and tabs files
def handle_multiple_sessions(session_files, tabs_files, args):
if not args.output_dir:
print("Output directory not specified.", file=sys.stderr)
return
output_dir = Path(args.output_dir)
output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
# Create a mapping from base name to session and tabs files
sessions_map = defaultdict(lambda: {"session": None, "tabs": None})
for s in session_files:
base = Path(s).stem.replace("Session_", "")
sessions_map[base]["session"] = s
for t in tabs_files:
base = Path(t).stem.replace("Tabs_", "")
sessions_map[base]["tabs"] = t
for base, files in sessions_map.items():
session_file = files["session"]
tabs_file = files["tabs"]
result = Result()
try:
if session_file:
parse_session(session_file, result, file_type="Session")
if tabs_file:
parse_session(tabs_file, result, file_type="Tabs")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error parsing files '{session_file}' or '{tabs_file}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
continue
output_content = generate_output(result, args)
if args.json:
output_filename = f"Session_{base}.json"
else:
output_filename = f"Session_{base}.txt"
output_path = output_dir / output_filename
try:
write_output(output_path, output_content, args.json, args.pretty)
print(f"Session and Tabs for '{base}' dumped to '{output_path}'.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error writing to '{output_path}': {e}", file=sys.stderr)
# Main Function
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="Chrome Session Dump - Parses Chrome's session and tabs files to extract window and tab information.",
formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter,
epilog="""
Example Usage:
1. Dump the latest session and tabs to stdout (minimized JSON by default):
python3 session_dump.py --json
2. Dump the latest session and tabs to a pretty-printed JSON file:
python3 session_dump.py --output latest_session.json --json --pretty
3. Dump multiple session and tabs files to a designated folder with minimized JSON:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/chrome/session_directory --output-dir /path/to/output_folder --json
4. Dump multiple session and tabs files to a designated folder with pretty-printed JSON:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/chrome/session_directory --output-dir /path/to/output_folder --json --pretty
5. Dump a specific session and tabs files to a text file with custom format:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/Session_12345 /path/to/Tabs_12345 --output session_12345.txt --printf "Title: %t\nURL: %u\n\n"
6. Include deleted tabs and history in the output:
python3 session_dump.py --output complete_session.json --json --deleted --history
7. Dump minimized JSON without specifying output file (outputs to stdout):
python3 session_dump.py --json
8. Dump non-JSON output with custom printf format:
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/Session_12345 /path/to/Tabs_12345 --output session_12345.txt --printf "Title: %t\nURL: %u\n\n"
"""
)
parser.add_argument(
"target",
nargs="+",
help="Path to the session file and optionally the tabs file, or Chrome directory. If providing both, specify session first then tabs."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--json",
action="store_true",
help="Produce JSON formatted output. Includes all tabs with their history and metadata."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--pretty",
action="store_true",
help="Pretty-print JSON output with indentation. Use with --json."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--active",
action="store_true",
help="Print the currently active tab."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--deleted",
action="store_true",
help="Include tabs and windows that have been deleted."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--history",
action="store_true",
help="Include the history of each tab in the output."
)
parser.add_argument(
"--printf",
default="%u\n",
help="The output format for tabs if --json is not specified. Use %%u for URL, %%g for group, %%t for title. (Default: '%%u\\n')"
)
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument(
"--output",
type=str,
help="Specify an output file to dump a single session and tabs."
)
group.add_argument(
"--output-dir",
type=str,
help="Specify an output directory to dump multiple session and tabs files. Each session will be saved as a separate file."
)
args = parser.parse_args()
# Validate arguments
if args.pretty and not args.json:
parser.error("--pretty can only be used with --json.")
# Determine the target path(s)
if len(args.target) == 1:
target = Path(os.path.expanduser(args.target[0]))
additional_target = None
elif len(args.target) == 2:
target = Path(os.path.expanduser(args.target[0]))
additional_target = Path(os.path.expanduser(args.target[1]))
else:
print("Please provide either one target (session or Chrome directory) or two targets (session and tabs files).", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
# If one target is provided
if len(args.target) == 1:
if target.is_dir():
# Default Chrome config directories
possible_dirs = [
Path.home() / ".config" / "chromium",
Path.home() / ".config" / "google-chrome",
Path.home() / ".config" / "chrome"
]
chrome_dir = next((d for d in [target] + possible_dirs if d.exists()), None)
if not chrome_dir:
print("Chrome directory not found. Please specify a session file or Chrome directory.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
session_files, tabs_files = find_sessions_and_tabs(chrome_dir)
elif target.is_file() and target.name.startswith("Session_"):
session_files = [str(target)]
# Attempt to find the corresponding Tabs_ file
tabs_file = target.parent / f"Tabs_{target.stem.replace('Session_', '')}"
if tabs_file.exists():
tabs_files = [str(tabs_file)]
else:
tabs_files = []
else:
print("Invalid target. Please specify a directory or a Session_ file.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
elif len(args.target) == 2:
session_file = args.target[0]
tabs_file = args.target[1]
if not Path(session_file).is_file() or not Path(tabs_file).is_file():
print("Both session and tabs files must exist.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
session_files = [session_file]
tabs_files = [tabs_file]
# Handle output
if args.output_dir:
# Multiple session and tabs files
handle_multiple_sessions(session_files, tabs_files, args)
else:
# Single session and tabs file
if len(args.target) == 2:
session_file = args.target[0]
tabs_file = args.target[1]
elif len(args.target) == 1:
if target.is_dir():
# If directory, get the latest session and tabs files
if session_files and tabs_files:
latest_session = max(session_files, key=lambda x: os.path.getmtime(x))
corresponding_tabs = None
base = Path(latest_session).stem.replace("Session_", "")
corresponding_tabs_candidate = Path(latest_session).parent / f"Tabs_{base}"
if corresponding_tabs_candidate.exists():
corresponding_tabs = str(corresponding_tabs_candidate)
handle_single_session(latest_session, corresponding_tabs, args, Result())
sys.exit(0)
else:
print("No session and tabs files found in the specified directory.", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
else:
# Single session file without corresponding Tabs file
session_file = session_files[0]
corresponding_tabs = None
base = Path(session_file).stem.replace("Session_", "")
corresponding_tabs_candidate = Path(session_file).parent / f"Tabs_{base}"
if corresponding_tabs_candidate.exists():
corresponding_tabs = str(corresponding_tabs_candidate)
handle_single_session(session_file, corresponding_tabs, args, Result())
sys.exit(0)
else:
session_file = session_files[0]
tabs_file = tabs_files[0] if tabs_files else None
handle_single_session(session_file, tabs_file, args, Result())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```
### Explanation of the Changes
1. **File Discovery (`find_sessions_and_tabs`)**:
- The `find_sessions_and_tabs` function now searches for both `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files within the specified directory.
- It segregates them into two separate lists: `session_files` and `tabs_files`.
2. **Parsing Both File Types (`parse_session`)**:
- The `parse_session` function has been modified to accept a `file_type` parameter to distinguish between `Session` and `Tabs` files.
- It updates the `Result` object, which now includes a `tabs` dictionary to store tab information from both file types.
- Both `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files are parsed, and their data is merged based on tab IDs.
3. **Handling Multiple Files (`handle_multiple_sessions`)**:
- This function creates a mapping between `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files based on their base names (e.g., `Session_12345` pairs with `Tabs_12345`).
- It parses each pair and writes the combined data to the specified output directory.
4. **Handling Single File or File Pairs (`handle_single_session`)**:
- When dealing with a single pair of `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files, this function parses both and merges their data before generating the output.
- It ensures that if a corresponding `Tabs_*` file exists for a given `Session_*` file, it is included in the parsing process.
5. **Command-Line Argument Adjustments**:
- The `target` argument now accepts one or two paths: either a single directory/session file or a pair of session and tabs files.
- The help text (`epilog`) has been updated to reflect the new usage scenarios.
6. **Output Generation and Writing**:
- The output generation considers merged data from both `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files.
- JSON and custom formatted outputs include comprehensive information about windows and tabs, combining details from both file types.
### Usage Examples
1. **Dump the Latest Session and Tabs to Stdout (Minimized JSON by Default)**:
```sh
python3 session_dump.py --json
```
2. **Dump Specific Session and Tabs Files to a Text File with Custom Format**:
```sh
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/Session_12345 /path/to/Tabs_12345 --output session_12345.txt --printf "Title: %t\nURL: %u\n\n"
```
3. **Dump Multiple Session and Tabs Files to a Designated Folder with Pretty-Printed JSON**:
```sh
python3 session_dump.py /path/to/chrome/session_directory --output-dir /path/to/output_folder --json --pretty
```
4. **Include Deleted Tabs and History in the Output**:
```sh
python3 session_dump.py --output complete_session.json --json --deleted --history
```
### Notes
- **Error Handling**: The script includes error messages for scenarios such as missing files or incorrect file types.
- **Flexibility**: By allowing both single file pairs and batch processing within directories, the script caters to various usage needs.
- **Extensibility**: The `Result` data structure and parsing logic are designed to accommodate additional data from different file types if needed in the future.
This extended script should now effectively parse and combine data from both `Session_*` and `Tabs_*` files, providing a more complete picture of Chrome's session state.a5cfa79d76abc0e754e296a0Is it correct to index a weapon that entered service in 2006 as the “Type 66”? (according to the chinese calendar)
In the context of Chinese military equipment naming conventions, the designation "Type" followed by a number typically corresponds to the year the equipment was either designed, adopted, or entered service, often based on the Gregorian calendar. Here's a brief overview to clarify: 1. **Historical Examples:** - **Type 56:** Corresponds to the year 1956. - **Type 99:** Corresponds to the year 1999. - **Type 62:** Corresponds to the year 1962. 2. **Type 66 Specifics:** - The **Type 66** designation is historically associated with the **Chinese Type 66 main battle tank**, which was developed in the late 1960s. The numbering aligns with the period around 1966. 3. **Applying This to a Weapon Entering Service in 2006:** - If a weapon entered service in **2006**, following the established naming convention, it would likely be designated as **Type 06** or **Type 2006** rather than **Type 66**. - Using "Type 66" for a 2006 weapon would create confusion, as it clashes with the established historical designation and could lead to misunderstandings regarding the equipment's origin and introduction period. 4. **Potential Reasons for Misnaming:** - **Cyclical Numbering:** If there's an internal or less common cyclical numbering system being used, it might differ from the standard Gregorian-based system. However, there's no widely recognized evidence of such a system overriding the conventional method. - **Different Classification Systems:** Sometimes, different branches of the military or specific departments might have unique naming conventions, but these are typically supplementary rather than replacing the primary system. **Conclusion:** Indexing a weapon that entered service in **2006** as **"Type 66"** would **not** be correct based on Chinese military naming conventions. The "Type 66" designation is historically linked to equipment from the 1960s. For a 2006 service entry, a designation like "Type 06" or "Type 2006" would be more appropriate to avoid confusion and maintain consistency with established naming practices.
a3e620c0c1e2097633541c1aI need to find a flag.Here is a text file with indications:# Encrypted
It's all part of the dance, where secret messages hide, XORs twirl, and
randomness is the masquerade ball.
Try your own luck at:
`isc2024.1337.cx:11154`.
Hints:
* you either have a very powerful PC, or write optimized C / Rust / whatever
(even Haskell is faster! ;) )
* if it takes more than 15 mins, you're doing smth wrong...
* and PLEASE do NOT hammer (DoS) the server... it is sufficient to only issue
the request ONCE!
I also received a python file: #!/usr/bin/python3
import math
import base64
import random
def xor(a, b):
return bytes([x ^ y for x, y in zip(a, b)])
class LCG:
def __init__(self, a, b):
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.mod = 2 ** 16
self.state = 0
def next(self):
self.state = (self.a * self.state + self.b) % self.mod
return self.state
if __name__ == '__main__':
flag = "This_Is_NOT_SpeishFlag{asdfg_not_that_easy}"
plaintext = "Stay your hand! Gotcha!\n" + \
"You do not know this part, \n" + \
"but it ends with a\n" + flag
# note: message is always ASCII!
bintext = plaintext.encode("ASCII")
params = [random.randint(1337, 10000) for _ in (1, 2)]
lcg = LCG(*params)
states = [lcg.next() for _ in range(math.ceil(len(bintext) / 2))]
key = b"".join([state.to_bytes(2, "little") for state in states])
ciphertext = xor(bintext, key)
print(base64.b64encode(ciphertext).decode("ASCII"))
Write an optimized c code to find the codeTo solve this problem, we need to reverse the process of encryption that your Python script is performing. The script encrypts a message with a Linear Congruential Generator (LCG) as a random number generator to create a key, and then XORs that key with the plaintext message. The ciphertext is then base64 encoded and printed.
I will guide you through creating an optimized C program to decrypt this ciphertext. The encryption process involves the following steps:
1. Initialize an LCG with two random parameters (`a` and `b`) and a state starting at zero.
2. Generate a sequence of 16-bit numbers using the LCG.
3. Use these numbers as a key to XOR with the plaintext.
4. Base64 encode the result.
To decrypt the message, you need to reverse these steps:
1. Base64 decode the message to retrieve the XORed bytes.
2. Generate potential LCG parameters (`a` and `b`) to reproduce the XOR key.
3. XOR the base64-decoded data with the generated key.
4. Check if the resulting plaintext contains the known structure "This_Is_NOT_SpeishFlag{".
Here is an example of C code that attempts to brute-force the LCG parameters:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#define MOD 65536
// Decode base64 function omitted for brevity, you can use any standard library function
uint8_t *base64_decode(const char *data, size_t input_length, size_t *output_length);
uint16_t lcg_next(uint16_t a, uint16_t b, uint16_t *state) {
*state = (a * (*state) + b) % MOD;
return *state;
}
void xor_decrypt(const uint8_t *ciphertext, const uint16_t *key, uint8_t *plaintext, size_t length) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
plaintext[i] = ciphertext[i] ^ ((uint8_t *)&key[i / 2])[i % 2];
}
}
int main() {
const char *base64_cipher = "YOUR_BASE64_ENCODED_CIPHERTEXT_HERE";
size_t ciphertext_length;
uint8_t *ciphertext = base64_decode(base64_cipher, strlen(base64_cipher), &ciphertext_length);
uint8_t plaintext[ciphertext_length + 1];
plaintext[ciphertext_length] = '\0'; // Null-teriminate for string functions
// Brute-force starting conditions for the LCG
for (uint16_t a = 1337; a <= 10000; ++a) {
for (uint16_t b = 1337; b <= 10000; ++b) {
uint16_t states[(ciphertext_length + 1) / 2];
uint16_t state = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < (ciphertext_length + 1) / 2; ++i) {
states[i] = lcg_next(a, b, &state);
}
xor_decrypt(ciphertext, states, plaintext, ciphertext_length);
if (strstr((char *)plaintext, "This_Is_NOT_SpeishFlag{") != NULL) {
printf("Found possible plaintext: %s\n", plaintext);
printf("a: %d, b: %d\n", a, b);
}
}
}
free(ciphertext);
return 0;
}
uint8_t *base64_decode(const char *data, size_t input_length, size_t *output_length) {
// This function will decode your base64 string into bytes
// Assume you have implemented or you can use any library functions like OpenSSL or simply port from Python
// Place the decoding implementation here
}
```
**Notes:**
- Ensure you include a suitable base64 decoding function. The example assumes a function like this can be utilized, either provided by a library or implemented from scratch.
- This example demonstrates brute-forcing the parameters. Make sure to adjust according to your performance and system capabilities.
- Given the constraints, you might want to parallelize this brute force or use SIMD instructions in C to speed up the process, particularly since it's working within a fixed range for `a` and `b`.
- The pseudocode-style base64 function is left incomplete. You can replace it with readily available C base64 decoding libraries, such as OpenSSL, if precision in implementation details is not the focus.8597fc480d472087e0683c7ewrite the base64_decode function
Certainly! Implementing a base64 decoding function in C can be done by manually translating the base64 character set back into bytes. Below, I've written a simple base64 decoding function that assumes padded base64 input (with `=` characters).
```c
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
static const unsigned char base64_table[65] =
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
// Function to find the index of a base64 character in the base64_table
static unsigned char base64_char_to_val(char c) {
for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
if (base64_table[i] == c) {
return i;
}
}
return 64; // Invalid base64 character
}
uint8_t *base64_decode(const char *data, size_t input_length, size_t *output_length) {
if (input_length % 4 != 0) {
return NULL; // Wrong base64 string length
}
*output_length = (input_length / 4) * 3;
if (data[input_length - 1] == '=') (*output_length)--;
if (data[input_length - 2] == '=') (*output_length)--;
uint8_t *decoded_data = malloc(*output_length);
if (!decoded_data) return NULL; // Memory allocation failure
for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) {
uint32_t sextet_a = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t sextet_b = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t sextet_c = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t sextet_d = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t triple = (sextet_a << 3 * 6)
+ (sextet_b << 2 * 6)
+ (sextet_c << 1 * 6)
+ (sextet_d << 0 * 6);
if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 2 * 8) & 0xFF;
if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 1 * 8) & 0xFF;
if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 0 * 8) & 0xFF;
}
return decoded_data;
}
```
**Key Points of This Code**:
- It first checks if the input length is valid (a multiple of 4). This is required by the base64 specification, as each 3-byte block of data is encoded into 4 base64 characters.
- The decoding process involves translating each set of four base64 characters into a block of three bytes.
- We handle padding (`=`) by reducing the expected output length accordingly.
- `base64_char_to_val` maps a base64 character to its numerical value using a simple lookup loop.
- Memory for the decoded byte array is allocated dynamically with `malloc`, and it must be `free`d by the caller to avoid memory leaks.
This implementation assumes the input is well-formed base64. If you're using this in a production environment, you may consider adding more robust error checking and handling, particularly for invalid characters or malformed input.abe15100ebca0f5321c65131i didnt received an output.
If you're not receiving output, there could be multiple reasons, such as issues in decoding, incorrect assumptions, or an implementation mistake. Let's go through a few steps to ensure everything is working correctly:
### Checklist and Debugging Steps
1. **Verify Base64 Input**: Make sure the base64 input you're providing is correct and valid. If there are any errors in this string, the resulting output will not be correct.
2. **Print Debug Statements**: Adding print statements in the code can help diagnose where things are going wrong.
3. **Memory Management**: Ensure that the memory is handled correctly. Remember to free any allocated memory to prevent leaks, but only after you are done using the data.
4. **Output Length**: Double-check whether `output_length` is calculated correctly before processing, especially regarding padding characters `=` in the base64 string.
5. **Implementation Details**: Make sure the `base64_decode` function correctly handles all cases, including when invalid characters might not be expected but are encountered.
6. **Compiling and Linking**: Ensure you've compiled the code correctly, enabling warnings to catch potential issues (e.g., with GCC, use `-Wall -Wextra` flags).
Here is a sample C program with added debug statements that you can use to debug further if necessary:
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
static const unsigned char base64_table[65] =
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
static unsigned char base64_char_to_val(char c) {
for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
if (base64_table[i] == c) {
return i;
}
}
return 64; // Invalid base64 character
}
uint8_t *base64_decode(const char *data, size_t input_length, size_t *output_length) {
if (input_length % 4 != 0) {
return NULL; // Invalid base64 string length
}
*output_length = (input_length / 4) * 3;
if (data[input_length - 1] == '=') (*output_length)--;
if (data[input_length - 2] == '=') (*output_length)--;
uint8_t *decoded_data = malloc(*output_length);
if (!decoded_data) return NULL;
for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) {
uint32_t sextet_a = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t sextet_b = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t sextet_c = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t sextet_d = data[i] == '=' ? 0 & i++ : base64_char_to_val(data[i++]);
uint32_t triple = (sextet_a << 3 * 6)
+ (sextet_b << 2 * 6)
+ (sextet_c << 1 * 6)
+ (sextet_d << 0 * 6);
if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 2 * 8) & 0xFF;
if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 1 * 8) & 0xFF;
if (j < *output_length) decoded_data[j++] = (triple >> 0 * 8) & 0xFF;
}
return decoded_data;
}
int main() {
const char *base64_cipher = "YOUR_BASE64_ENCODED_CIPHERTEXT_HERE"; // Replace this with your cipher text
size_t cipher_length = strlen(base64_cipher);
size_t decoded_length;
uint8_t *decoded = base64_decode(base64_cipher, cipher_length, &decoded_length);
if (decoded) {
printf("Decoded length: %zu\n", decoded_length);
printf("Decoded text: ");
for (size_t i = 0; i < decoded_length; i++) {
printf("%02x", decoded[i]);
}
printf("\n");
free(decoded); // Always free allocated memory
} else {
printf("Decoding failed.\n");
}
return 0;
}
```
### Debugging Considerations
- **Character Set**: If the base64 string includes characters not in the base64 alphabet, the function will fail. You might want to add additional checks or logging to track this.
- **Look at Decoded Output**: Check the format of the decoded output by examining `decoded_length` and the actual byte values.
- **Validation**: You might want to verify your base64-decoded output against a known good tool or library to ensure it's correct.
By running this, you should be able to identify where things might not be working as expected and make incremental changes to correct the issues.